Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe
type: channel
description: "Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe" is a scientific, peer-reviewed, annual historical journal devoted to the cultural richness of the eastern border of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. The main goal of the journal is a modern, critical and interdisciplinary look at the history of this area, which in Polish literature and historiography was already called "Kresy" since the modern period.
publisher: Księgarnia Akademicka Sp. z o.o.
language: en
publication name: Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe
issn: 2081-9463
items: Architekci pogranicza kulturowego: Julian i Alfred Zachariewiczowie, Iwan Lewiński, Tadeusz Obmiński
items: Hybrydowość kulturowa w przestrzeniach wielokulturowych
items: Organizacja i członkowie Soboru Ruskiego (1848 r.)
items: Back Matter
items: Tożsamości hybrydowe jako wyzwanie biografistyki na pograniczu kulturowym. Przypadek Galicji
items: Front Matter
items: Which Crimes Against Good Manners and Morality Were the Inhabitants of Chukva Tried for in the 18th Century?
items: Sozon Wadyński OSBM (1749-1815)
items: Początki przemysłu naftowego w Galicji przed okresem autonomii w świetle wybranych polskich tytułów prasowych
items: W którym pułku służył Piotr Niewiadomski – bohater Soli ziemi Józefa Wittlina?
items: Działalność kulturotwórcza konserwatystów wschodniogalicyjskich na przykładzie fundacji Leona Pinińskiego i Dawida Abrahamowicza
items: Zamek czernelicki na fotografiach z końca XIX-XX wieku
items: Decoding the Images of the Polish Countryside, by Louise Arner Boyd (1887-1972)
items: Spowiedź Sadyka
items: Walka o Lwów w Pamiętnikach z lat 1916-1918 Ludomiła Germana
items: https://journals.akademicka.pl/kpk/article/view/5580
items: Patrice M. Dabrowski, The Carpathians: Discovering the Highlands of Poland and Ukraine, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2021, 270 ss.
items: Kathryn Ciancia, On Civilization’s Edge: A Polish Borderland in the Interwar World, New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2021, 343 ss.
items: Metryka józefińska jako źródło do dziejów wojskowości ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wschodniej Galicji
items: https://journals.akademicka.pl/kpk/article/view/4925
items: Onufrij Wolanśkyj i idee ultramontanizmu w Kościele greckokatolickim na początku ХХ wieku
items: Bośniaccy Rusini na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w świetle pracy Josyfa Grodśkiego Położenie Rusinów w Bośni
items: Sprawy gospodarcze w korespondencji hr. Benedykta Tyszkiewicza do ks. Andrzeja Lubomirskiego (przyczynek)
items: Galicja i front wschodni we wspomnieniach włoskich żołnierzy armii austro-węgierskiej
items: Historia „Słowa Polskiego” podczas II wojny światowej
items: Losy członków Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii i Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów internowanych w Czechosłowacji po II wojnie światowej
items: Wizerunek Polski (II RP, PRL i III RP) we współczesnych ukraińskich podręcznikach historii
items: https://journals.akademicka.pl/kpk/article/view/4933

Architekci pogranicza kulturowego: Julian i Alfred Zachariewiczowie, Iwan Lewiński, Tadeusz Obmiński
type: item
description: ARCHITECTS OF THE CULTURAL BORDERLAND: JULIAN AND ALFRED ZACHARIEWICZS, IVAN LEVYNSKYI, TADEUSZ OBMIŃSKI This text has been dedicated to the four most prominent architects of the city of Lviv in the late 19th and early 20th centuries – the architectural «quartet» whose members are: Julian Octawian Zachariewicz (1837-1898), Alfred Zaсhariewich Jr. (1871-1937), Ivan Levynskyi (1851-1919), and Tadeusz Obmiński (1874-1932). These four carried out the most important architectural and construction projects of Lviv in the age of the greatest construction boom in the city’s history. The role of the «elder» in this group was played by Julian Zachariewicz – a professor at Lviv Polytechnic, the founder of Lviv’s architectural school of the latter half of the 19th century, its leader during the era of historical styles. The creative work of Julian Zachariewicz impresses with its style metamorphoses, which can be traced from the neo-Renaissance building of the Polytechnic (1874-1877), oriented to the Ringstrasse, up to the Julietka villa (1891-1893), its design reflecting the influence of the English concept of a reformed singlefamily house. In addition, Professor Zachariewicz devoted much of his time and effort to various projects outside of practical architecture, acting as a theorist, restorer, archaeologist, museum curator and public figure. His son Alfred left his mark in history as an outstanding builder of Lviv in the first third of the last century, a highly gifted representative of the local architectural school during the periods of Art Nouveau, early modernism, and Neoclassicism of the early 20th century, the initiator of promoting the reinforced concrete in the construction industry of Galicia. Alfred Zachariewicz became famous, in particular, for the projects of the buildings for the Lviv Chamber of Commerce and Industry (1907-1910) and the Land Credit Society (1911-1916). Ivan Levynskyi was a leading construction entrepreneur of Galicia in the late 19th – early 20t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lviv
  topic: keywords
subject: fin de siècle
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural borderland
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed identity
  topic: keywords
subject: architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: historicism
  topic: keywords
creator: Ihor Żuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17
starting page: 107
ending page: 181
doi: 10.12797/KPK.16.2024.16.04

Hybrydowość kulturowa w przestrzeniach wielokulturowych
type: item
description: CULTURAL HYBRIDITY IN MULTICULTURAL REGIONS: HISTORIES OF GALICIAN CULTURE This article investigates the complex interplay of cultures in Habsburg Galicia, a region marked by its diverse linguistic, religious, and ethnic makeup. It focuses on cultural practices and suggests understanding multilingualism, overarching tropes, and intersecting identities as a form of cultural hybridity. As Galician culture was more than agglutinating several national cultures, this article suggests narrating its history as a plurale tantum. Galician cultural histories are manifest in the province’s theatre and music scene, literary production, architecture and fine arts. The paper tackles both the entangled cultural backgrounds and multilingualism of many authors, artists, and cultural entrepreneurs and recurrent topics that appear throughout Galicia’s cultural production like the Carpathian Mountains or the theme of poverty and religiosity. The article further examines the impact of national movements on the cultural landscape of Galicia. The rise of Polish, Ukrainian, and Jewish nationalisms in the 19th and early 20th centuries led to the formation of distinct cultural institutions and the promotion of specific national narratives. However, the paper argues that these nationalistic projects not only resembled each others in their mechanisms of nationalizing culture, but often coexisted with more cosmopolitan and hybrid cultural practices. This paper argues that despite manifold social, linguistic, religious and national borders and hierarchies being omnipresent, these fractures also interconnected the hybrid cultural space of Galicia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Austrian Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural hybridity
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural practices
  topic: keywords
subject: multilingualism
  topic: keywords
subject: national ambiguity
  topic: keywords
creator: Börries Kuzmany
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17
starting page: 13
ending page: 70
doi: 10.12797/KPK.16.2024.16.02

Organizacja i członkowie Soboru Ruskiego (1848 r.)
type: item
description: ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERS OF THE RUTHENIAN SOBOR (1848) Active participants in the revolutionary events of 1848 in Galicia were individuals who in various ways combined two identities – Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Polish. This environment entered historiography as the “Ruthenians of the Polish nation” (gente Rutheni, natione Poloni). The only case in Galicia when the split national consciousness of gente – natione manifested itself in the form of a group rather than an individual reaction to political and social changes was the Ruthenian Sobor. This national political association, which existed from May to October 1848, tried to find a position between the Polish Central People’s Council and the Supreme Ruthenian Council (Holovna Ruska Rada). The article highlights the organizational structure and characterizes the personal composition of the Ruthenian Sobor. It is claimed that the Ruthenian Sobor had not become a fullfledged national-political organization – with a developed structure, governing bodies, and fixed membership – in terms of its organisation. It temporarily united several different circles, whose representatives declared their involvement in “Ruthenianness”. However, by the autumn of 1848, the number of members of the Ruthenian Sobor not only did not exceed the first 64 people, but had also decreased significantly. Therefore, the Ruthenian Sobor did not develop extensive independent activity. Among the members of the Ruthenian Sobor, two groups can be distinguished – those who emphasized the Polish identity, and those who considered the main value of the Ruthenian foundation and saw prospects for its development in the common Polish-Ruthenian political tradition. Representatives of the “Polish” segment – landowners, officials, writers – prevailed quantitatively. The “Ruthenianess” (although not always real) that they “remembered” was in fact an intuitive effort, in the conditions of revolutionary uncertainty, to achieve relative stability of Galician soci…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ruthenian Sobor
  topic: keywords
subject: “Ruthenians of the Polish nation” (gente Rutheni, natione Poloni)
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukrainian-Polish relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: “Spring of Nations” (1848)
  topic: keywords
creator: Marian Mudryj
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17
starting page: 71
ending page: 105
doi: 10.12797/KPK.16.2024.16.03

Back Matter
type: item
subject: Back Matter
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17

Tożsamości hybrydowe jako wyzwanie biografistyki na pograniczu kulturowym. Przypadek Galicji
type: item
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
creator: Adam Świątek
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17
starting page: 7
ending page: 10
doi: 10.12797/KPK.16.2024.16.01

Front Matter
type: item
subject: Front Matter
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17

Which Crimes Against Good Manners and Morality Were the Inhabitants of Chukva Tried for in the 18th Century?
type: item
description: The aim of the article is to shed light on the phenomenon of sexual crime in rural areas of the former Ruthenian voivodeship in the 18th century. Many researchers in Poland and beyond have already delved into these issues, but the territories of the Ruthenian voivodeship have not been thoroughly examined in this regard. The core source base consists of materials found in 18th-century rural court books written in the village of Czukwi between 1715 and 1754. During the query, the author identified nine cases of accusations of sexual crimes, classified by contemporaries as offenses against good manners and religion. Descriptions most frequently pertain to adultery, carnal acts, and incest. Although according to the prevailing law in the examined areas, such crimes were punishable by death, rural courts did not impose such severe penalties; instead, punishments were milder, ranging from corporal punishment to various fines and penalties payable to secular and ecclesiastical authorities. Only in the case of the most serious offenses (involving individuals closely related or when adultery was linked to a more serious crime) were the accused referred to the urban justice system. Beyond punishing the offenders, the article also addresses the significant issue of children born from such relationships and their future protection by the court through orders for financial support and various contributions to the child’s mother. Such penalties were primarily imposed in cases of adultery or incest. When forbidden relationships occurred between free individuals, they were often compelled to enter into marital unions, thereby resolving the issue.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: modernity
  topic: keywords
subject: sexuality
  topic: keywords
subject: crime
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual crime
  topic: keywords
subject: 18th century
  topic: keywords
subject: social history
  topic: keywords
subject: history of crime
  topic: keywords
creator: Klaudia Rogowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 9
ending page: 20
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.01

Sozon Wadyński OSBM (1749-1815)
type: item
description: SOZON WADYŃSKI OSBM (1749-1815): A BIOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTION This text is devoted to the life and activities of Sozon Wadyński OSBM (1749-1815), a Basilian from Podolia in the then Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lecyk recreates Wadyński’s biography, verifying known information and subjecting previously unused source materials to historical analysis. The author has tried to present the subsequent stages of the monk’s life against the background of the functioning of the Basilian Order and the political changes that took place in the Church after 1772 in the Austrian partition, where Wadyński stayed from the early 1780s. Lecyk describes the subsequent stages of his education and also discusses the conditions under which the monk developed his career in the structures of the order’s authorities, the eparchy and the bishop of Przemyśl. He explains why it finally broke down and answers the question of why Wadyński became the parish priest of a rural parish in Sośnica, located near Przemyśl. Thanks to materials obtained in particular from the State Archives in Przemyśl and the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, it has been possible to present this previously unknown stage of the priest’s life and career. It has also allowed us to show the living and working conditions of the parish priest, to answer the question of his financial situation and what problems he had to struggle with in his pastoral work. The article also shows how a well-educated monk, whose life path destined him for a completely different role, coped with the role of a village parish priest. The text fills the gap in regional research and is also a contribution to the history of Greek Catholic parishes in Galicia in the first half of the 19th century.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sozon Wadyński
  topic: keywords
subject: Basilian Order
  topic: keywords
subject: Przemyśl eparchy
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: Sośnica
  topic: keywords
creator: William Lecyk
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 21
ending page: 38
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.02

Początki przemysłu naftowego w Galicji przed okresem autonomii w świetle wybranych polskich tytułów prasowych
type: item
description: BEGINNINGS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY IN GALICIA BEFORE THE PERIOD OF AUTONOMY IN THE LIGHT OF SELECTED POLISH PRESS TITLES The publication of newspapers and the extraction and use of crude oil were undoubtedly among the socio-economic areas that significantly affected the lives of people in the 19th century. At the time, newspapers and journals played the role of the most important and popular sources of information about crude oil and its products, especially kerosene, and they shaped their readers’ worldviews on those products’ uses in the economy and everyday life. This paper presents the beginning of the oil industry in Austrian Galicia in pre-autonomy Galicia in the Polish news press (Czas, Gazeta Narodowa, Gazeta Lwowska) and economic magazines (Gazeta Przemysłowa, Korespondent Handlowy, Przemysłowy i Rolniczy, Tygodnik Rolniczo-Przemysłowy). The first mentions in the press on the subject appeared in the 1850s. In the 1860s, oil-related subjects were broadly represented in daily newspapers and in the economic press. In agricultural journals, especially in the Prussian and Russian partitions, oil-related subjects were not present in titles from the 1850s and 60s. The first group of texts consisted of articles about crude oil (chemical properties) and regions which were rich in petroleum. In areas where it was present, crude oil had been known and used for a long time, but to the readership of newspapers and journals it was a new resource. It is no wonder then that the press was explaining what it was and what its uses were. The press did not focus on Galicia’s deposits of crude oil, earthwax and natural gas, but did print detailed information on their sources around the world, especially in the United States (the names of oil fields, the volume and monetary value of extraction and export to Europe). The press saw the American mass production and sale of oil to Europe as the greatest threat to the Galician industry. The press documented the economic situation of the G…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: petroleum
  topic: keywords
subject: paraffin oil
  topic: keywords
subject: oil industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: the press
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomasz Kargol
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 39
ending page: 57
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.03

W którym pułku służył Piotr Niewiadomski – bohater Soli ziemi Józefa Wittlina?
type: item
description: A COMMENT ON THE ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY PIOTR NIEWIADOMSKI’S REGIMENT The 2022 Polish critical edition of Józef Wittlin’s World War One novel, Salt of the Earth, features a footnote where the editor unequivocally identifies the main protagonist’s military unit as the Austro-Hungarian 55th Infantry Regiment, based on the initial letter of the unit’s Colonel-in-chief ’s name mentioned by the author. This aligns with the 1991 edition, which previously identified him as Nicholas I of Montenegro. With publications on the Austro- -Hungarian army now more widely accessible, the new editor enumerates the regiment’s characteristics and briefly outlines its history. However, other pertinent details scattered throughout the novel, such as the unit’s recruiting district (Śniatyn in Eastern Galicia), its garrison town (Stanisławów), and facing colour (orange), are completely disregarded. This article aims to demonstrate that, when considered collectively, these clues lead to the conclusion that Wittlin’s portrayal of the unit is entirely fictitious. The writer not only fails to mention the regiment’s number (replacing it with “X”) but also presents its mutually exclusive formal characteristics. It can be inferred that the author either could not present the unit consistently or, more likely, intentionally did so to prevent readers from associating it with any actual place and people. This conclusion is drawn from scrutiny of official printed sources in German, along with fundamental Austrian and Polish publications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Austria-Hungary
  topic: keywords
subject: army
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: Salt of the Earth
  topic: keywords
subject: Józef Wittlin
  topic: keywords
creator: Sławomir Kułacz
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 58
ending page: 67
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.04

Działalność kulturotwórcza konserwatystów wschodniogalicyjskich na przykładzie fundacji Leona Pinińskiego i Dawida Abrahamowicza
type: item
description: CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF EASTERN GALICIAN CONSERVATIVES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF LEON PINIŃSKI AND DAWID ABRAHAMOWICZ The activity of eastern Galician conservatives is generally assessed only negatively and on the political field. Their perception in historiography has been influenced by the work of Wilhelm Feldman entitled Parties and Political Programs in Galicia. Indeed, Podolacy sought to maintain the status quo in matters of large land ownership. However, some of them undertook numerous pro-social initiatives. Among the most spectacular were the foundations of Dawid Abrahamowicz and Leon Piniński, whose aim was to rebuild the Wawel Royal Castle during the interwar period. The first was founded by the Abrahamowicz couple who donated almost all of their wealth to charity (mainly benefitting children of landowners who can’t afford education) and to cultural purposes. The funds received by Wawel Castle were used to purchase paintings by the best masters from Poland and abroad. By 1937 they had gathered 91 objects for its reconstruction. The second foundation was established in 1927 by art historian and former governor of Galicia Leon Piniński, who donated over 300 objects by artists such as Juliusz Kossak, Jacek Malczewski, Artur Grottger and Józef Chełmoński. As an outstanding collector, Piniński took an active part in the foundation’s work until the end of his life. In the 1930s, as a result of economic crisis, he was forced to sell almost 50 paintings from the Wawel Castle. The article presents the cultural activity of Eastern Galician conservatives, which should not be limited only to political aspects, especially the Polish-Ukrainian conflict.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: eastern Galician conservatives
  topic: keywords
subject: Leon Piniński
  topic: keywords
subject: Dawid Abrahamowicz
  topic: keywords
subject: Wawel Royal Castle
  topic: keywords
subject: interwar period
  topic: keywords
creator: Angelika Jamka
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 69
ending page: 84
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.05

Zamek czernelicki na fotografiach z końca XIX-XX wieku
type: item
description: THE CHERNELYTSIA CASTLE IN PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE LATE 19TH–20TH CENTURY For a long time, it was believed that the Chernelytsia Castle in Pokuttia did not attract much attention from artists due to its relatively small size and remoteness from the main roads. This should have resulted in a small amount of illustrative material, primarily photographs, depicting the castle. However, the actual situation is different. Over the last ten years, archival and library searches conducted by a team of Polish and Ukrainian researchers have made it possible to discover, identify, date, and publish numerous photographs of the Chernelytsia Castle. The discovered photographs are stored in the National Library in Warsaw, the Archive of the Department of Polish Architecture at Warsaw University of Technology, the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Karta Center in Warsaw, the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, the Scientific and Technical Archive of the Institute ‘Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya’ in Lviv, and the private collections of Oleksandr Kahlian, Levko Kvyatkovskyy, and Vitaliy Nagirnyy. All currently known photographs of the Chernelytsia Castle were taken between the 1880s to 1990s using the traditional method and classic photographic equipment. The earliest ones date back to the 1880s and were made by Kolomyian photographer Juliusz Dutkiewicz in 1880 for the Ethnographic Exhibition of Pokuttya in Kolomyia. Over the next few years, photographs of the castle by an unknown author (1884) and Albin Fridrich (between 1892 and 1904) appeared. A large number of photographs of the Chernelytsia Castle were taken in the interwar period. In 1921, 7 photographs of the castle were taken by an unknown photographer on the request of the Conservative Club in Lviv. Another 23 photographs of the fortress were taken in 1935 by Bogdan Guerquin. In addition, during this period, a number of other …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: the Chernelytsia Castle
  topic: keywords
subject: Chernelytsia
  topic: keywords
subject: photographs
  topic: keywords
subject: Juliusz Dutkiewicz
  topic: keywords
subject: Albin Friedrich
  topic: keywords
subject: Aleksandr Czołowski
  topic: keywords
subject: Bohdan Guerguin
  topic: keywords
subject: Ostap Kudybin
  topic: keywords
subject: Ihor Starosolskyy
  topic: keywords
creator: Vitaliy Nagirnyy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 85
ending page: 96
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.06

Decoding the Images of the Polish Countryside, by Louise Arner Boyd (1887-1972)
type: item
description: This article looks at the photographic legacy of Louise Arner Boyd’s (1887-1972) expedition through the Second Polish Republic in the context of her discovery of the otherness and social diversity of the country she visited in 1934. The authors were particularly captivated by the portrayal of the Ruthenians/Ukrainians of what is now Western Ukraine, as depicted in the Boyd photography. The authors focus lies on the unprocessed photographic content from the library collections of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the book she published a few years after her journey with the cooperation of the American Geographical Society in New York. The authors told the story of Louise A. Boyd’s trip to Poland primarily to introduce the reader to the context of the creation of the photographic collection, in which authors try to discover content and meanings that have not been sought before. Their analysis of the making-off process and reception into academia for Boyd’s book entitled Polish Countryside is also crucial to understanding that it is only a part of the collection. It is a specific vision and a compromise between the photographer’s and the publisher’s expectations. The Boyd photographic collection focused on rural landscapes and the architecture of villages and farms, capturing various farming methods, road and water transport scenes, village types and traditional clothing. With meticulous descriptions and detailed lists of the photographed locations and subjects, the collection serves as valuable documentation of building styles and techniques, traditional costumes, transportation, markets and agricultural and fishing practices. Thanks to Boyd’s skilled photographer’s eye, she was able to capture visually attractive photographs that also serve as scientifically intriguing documents of a bygone era. The significance of these photos extends beyond the confines of ethnography, as we have endeavoured to emphasise in this article. Through reinterpreting Ruthenians/ U…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Louise Arner Boyd’s (1887-1972)
  topic: keywords
subject: American Geographical Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukrainians/Ruthenians
  topic: keywords
subject: interwar Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: Kresy [borderland]
  topic: keywords
creator: Larysa Buriak
creator: Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 97
ending page: 126
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.07

Spowiedź Sadyka
type: item
description: CONFESSION OF SADYK: THE LAST LETTER OF MICHAŁ CZAYKOWSKI TO HIPOLIT BŁOTNICKI Michał Czaykowski (Sadyk Pasha) is a figure whose assessment remains challenging to this day. His path to national and religious apostasy was complex and winding. At the beginning of his emigration, his dedication to the Polish cause earned him applause and recognition among fellow emigrants. He tirelessly worked in emigrant diplomacy, establishing the extensive Eastern Agency of the Hotel Lambert as a Polish agent in the East. After the Crimean War, he gradually distanced himself from Polish affairs. He deemed the January Uprising unnecessary and increasingly leaned towards Pan-Slavic ideals. Upon returning to Russia and his original name, he lost his old friends and failed to find new ones. It’s hard not to notice that he became a pawn in the hands of the Russians. The published letter from July 17, 1874, is addressed to Hipolit Błotnicki, whom he regarded as a friend, often signing letters to him as his cousin. This is the last preserved letter in their long-standing correspondence. In it, he attempts to justify his actions to his former friend, explaining his attitude towards Polish identity, the shift in his feelings towards the recently hated Muscovites, and the reigning autocrat. He tries to convince and argue why he chose Christianity again and joined the Orthodox Church. The letter seems to be an attempt to convince not only H. Błotnicki but also to justify himself to Władysław Czartoryski, to whom this letter was undoubtedly shown.
subject: Editions
  topic: section
subject: Michał Czaykowski
  topic: keywords
subject: Hipolit Błotnicki
  topic: keywords
subject: emigration
  topic: keywords
subject: Pan-Slavism
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkey
  topic: keywords
subject: Russia
  topic: keywords
creator: Janusz Pezda
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 129
ending page: 141
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.08

Walka o Lwów w Pamiętnikach z lat 1916-1918 Ludomiła Germana
type: item
description: THE STRUGGLE FOR LVIV IN THE “DIARIES FROM THE YEARS 1916-1918” BY LUDOMIŁ GERMAN This edition covers the final section of the diary of Ludomił German (1851-1920), a Galician teacher and school inspector, playwright, translator, politician, and activist in the National-Democratic Party and the Polish Democratic Party. He served as a member of the Imperial Council in Vienna (1907-1918) and the Regional Sejm in Lviv (1912-1914), vice president of the Austrian Chamber of Deputies, and vice president of the Polish Circle. In his diary, kept from July 1914 to January 1919, German documented his activities in the Supreme National Committee, the Polish Circle, and the Imperial Council. He also chronicled the history of the Polish Legions, the struggle for their leadership, and the aspirations of politicians from Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland aiming to establish a more or less independent Polish state. The diary, now divided into two parts, is preserved in the Jagiellonian Library in the manuscript collection under the signature 8537 I (‘Notes from Great Times,’ the original written by Ludomił German) and in the Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine named after V. Stefanyk (fond 5, signature 6415, vol. 1-3, ‘Diaries from the Years 1916-1918,’ a copy made in 1935-1936 by Ludomił’s son, Juliusz German). The presented fragment covers almost three months (from November 1, 1918 to January 24, 1919), during which the author was in Lviv during the Polish-Ukrainian battles for the city, initially occupied and later besieged by Ukrainian forces. The author describes, based on his own experiences and information from other sources, the course of military actions, the difficulties of daily life associated with them, attempts by both sides to end the fighting, and the establishment of new municipal authorities and their initial political decisions. As much as possible, he tries to track events in other parts of the re-emerging Poland (critically evaluating the actions of the …
subject: Editions
  topic: section
subject: Ludomił German
  topic: keywords
subject: diaries
  topic: keywords
subject: Polish-Ukrainian War 1918-1919
  topic: keywords
subject: Eastern Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: Lviv
  topic: keywords
creator: Agnieszka Biedrzycka
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 143
ending page: 184
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.09

https://journals.akademicka.pl/kpk/article/view/5580
type: item
title: Kresy, które już nie istnieją… Rozważania wokół monografii Marceliny Jakimowicz Świat, który już nie istnieje. Polskie i ukraińskie opowieści biograficzne (1918-1956), Wydawnictwo Ośrodek „Pamięć i Przyszłość”, Wrocław 2022, 366 ss.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
creator: Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 187
ending page: 195
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.10

Back Matter
type: item
subject: Back Matter
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16

Patrice M. Dabrowski, The Carpathians: Discovering the Highlands of Poland and Ukraine, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2021, 270 ss.
type: item
subject: Recenzje
  topic: section
creator: Patrycja Trzeszczyńska
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 203
ending page: 205
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.12

Kathryn Ciancia, On Civilization’s Edge: A Polish Borderland in the Interwar World, New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2021, 343 ss.
type: item
subject: Recenzje
  topic: section
creator: Piotr J. Wróbel
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16
starting page: 199
ending page: 201
doi: 10.12797/KPK.15.2023.15.11

Front Matter
type: item
subject: Front Matter
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-16
publication date: 2023-12-16

Metryka józefińska jako źródło do dziejów wojskowości ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wschodniej Galicji
type: item
description: THE JOSEPHINE METRICA AS A SOURCE FOR MILITARY HISTORY WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON EASTERN GALICIA The Austrian land cadastre (Josephin record) drawn up in the years 1785-1788 in Galicia, i.e. in the territories of the First Polish Partition, is an important material for economic research (especially regarding agriculture and tax matters) in these areas. An in-depth analysis of these materials reveals that they are of some importance for reconstructing the military significance of cities and towns. This applies to two periods of time: 1. Times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (late 16th-early 18th century) 2. Austrian rule (late 18th century) For the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Josephine record contains scarce, but in individual cases valuable information about the city’s fortifications. The most valuable are the data on small defensive sites, which until now remain almost unknown. For Austrian times, information about military garrisons, especially in small towns, is of value, omitted in the collective summaries from the times. As a source of a tax nature, the Josephine record is only complementary to other sources concerning military history.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: fortifications
  topic: keywords
subject: military garrisons
  topic: keywords
creator: Michał Baczkowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 9
ending page: 23
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.01

https://journals.akademicka.pl/kpk/article/view/4925
type: item
title: Najwyżej zatwierdzone rozporządzenie Komitetu Ministrów „W sprawie trybu cenzurowania rękopisów kazań wygłaszanych w kościołach rzymskokatolickich” jako instrument kontroli Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w Imperium Rosyjskim
description: THE HIGHEST APPROVED REGULATION OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS “ON THE PROCEDURE FOR CENSORING MANUSCRIPTS OF SERMONS PREACHED IN ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES” AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CONTROL OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE This article attempts to trace the Russian imperial policy towards the Roman Catholic Church through the lens of a normative and legal document from the times of the Russian Empire – the Highest Approved Regulation of the Committee of Ministers “On the procedure for censoring manuscripts of sermons preached in Roman Catholic churches”. This document established control of the Church by introducing censorship, and thus interfering with the process of preparing, censoring and approving sermons written by the Roman Catholic clergy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Roman Catholic Church
  topic: keywords
subject: sermon
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: Committee of Ministers
  topic: keywords
subject: regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: censorship
  topic: keywords
creator: Anton Huz
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 25
ending page: 40
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.02

Onufrij Wolanśkyj i idee ultramontanizmu w Kościele greckokatolickim na początku ХХ wieku
type: item
description: ONUFRIY VOLYANSKY AND IDEAS OF THE ULTRAMONTANISM IN GREEK-CATHOLIC CHURCH IN GALICIA IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY The article analyzes the life and ideas of the Greek Catholic priest Onufriy Volyansky which are an infrequent example of the spread of ultramontane ideas among the Greek Catholic clergy in Galicia. The author examines the role of Volyansky’s studies, primarily at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Innsbruck, in shaping his worldview. Volyansky’s public-journalistic legacy is also considered in detail, first of all in the church magazine “Nyva”, because there his views can be seen in the most detailed and clear way. As a representative of ultramontanism – an idea that put the interests of the Catholic Church first, rather than individual nations or any other – Volyansky strongly opposed the spread of modern ideologies like socialism or liberalism, criticized various anti-church ideas that gained popularity in the early twentieth century. He contrasted them with the idea of the Church and Christian principles’ dominance in politics, culture, and other aspects of society. According to the author, the ultramontanism of Onufriy Volyansky had no chance to become a popular idea in the realities of the early twentieth century. However, his ideas are not without significance, and also show the involvement of at least part of the Greek Catholic clergy in the main intellectual debates that took place in the Catholic Church at that time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Greek-Catholic Church
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicia
  topic: keywords
subject: ultramontanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Onufriy Volyansky
  topic: keywords
subject: Andrey Sheptytsky
  topic: keywords
creator: Roman Lechniuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 41
ending page: 55
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.03

Bośniaccy Rusini na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w świetle pracy Josyfa Grodśkiego Położenie Rusinów w Bośni
type: item
description: YOSYF GRODSKY AND BOSNIANS’ RUTHENIAN IN PERIOD 1878-1918 The article presents the person of Yosyf Grodsky, the greek-catholik clerk from Lviv, which was moved to Bosnia in 1907-1908. He was Methropolite Andrey Sheptytsky’s friend. He send Yosyf Grodsky to Bosnia because Sheptytsky wanted to know the lives of Ruthenian farmers who came from villages in Bosnia. Also he wanted popularize topic of Ruthenian colonisation in Bosnia and Hercegovina. In 1909 Grodsky published book Positon of the Ruthenian from Bosnia. The article presentes some information about this book, and I would like to show more details about Ruthenian society in this part of Balkan Peninsula in the Austro-Hungarian period.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Greek-Catholic Church in Bosnia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ruthenians in Bosnia
  topic: keywords
subject: Galicians’ migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Austro-Hungarian period
  topic: keywords
subject: Yosyf Grodsky
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomasz Jacek Lis
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 57
ending page: 74
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.04

Sprawy gospodarcze w korespondencji hr. Benedykta Tyszkiewicza do ks. Andrzeja Lubomirskiego (przyczynek)
type: item
description: ECONOMIC MATTERS IN THE CORRESPONDENCE OF COUNT BENEDICT TYSZKIEWICZ TO FR. ANDRZEJ LUBOMIRSKI (CONTRIBUTION) Benedykt Tyszkiewicz did not live to see his biography. He was one of the most influential Polish industrialists in the Russian partition in the Kiev governorate. After studies and internships in Belgium and France, he returned to his hometown of Andruszówka and started modernizing the family estate. He managed to modernize the sugar factory in Plisków and set up a machine factory. By marrying Maria Lubomirska, he became associated with the Przeworsk ordinance line of the Lubomirski family from Przeworsk. Through his friendship with his brother-in-law Andrzej Lubomirski, he indirectly influenced the development of the sugar industry in Galicia. During his life in Kresy, he corresponded with Andrzej Lubomirski, with whom he shared his comments on social and, above all, economic issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tyszkiewicz
  topic: keywords
subject: Kresy
  topic: keywords
subject: Andruszówka
  topic: keywords
subject: sugar factories
  topic: keywords
subject: Lubomirski
  topic: keywords
subject: industry
  topic: keywords
creator: Łukasz Chrobak
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 75
ending page: 93
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.05

Galicja i front wschodni we wspomnieniach włoskich żołnierzy armii austro-węgierskiej
type: item
description: GALICIA AND THE EASTERN FRONT IN THE DIARIES OF THE ITALIAN SOLDIERS OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY The article is a translation and analysis of some selected parts of diaries and memoirs of five Italians, soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army, who at the outbreak of the Great War fought in the area of Galicia and Bukovina. Its aim is also to depict the level of participation of the Italian subjects of Emperor Franz Joseph in the military actions on the Eastern front and also to reconstruct, basing it on mentioned sources, their perception of the area of Galicia and the conditions of trench warfare.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Great War
  topic: keywords
subject: Eastern front
  topic: keywords
subject: Austro-Hungarian Army
  topic: keywords
subject: 4th Tyrolean Kaiserjäger Regiment
  topic: keywords
subject: Landesschützen
  topic: keywords
subject: battle of Rawa
  topic: keywords
creator: Bartosz Kaczmarek
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 95
ending page: 116
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.06

Historia „Słowa Polskiego” podczas II wojny światowej
type: item
description: THE HISTORY OF SŁOWO POLSKIE DURING SECOND WORLD WAR The article presents the history of one of a few Polish underground newspapers Słowo Polskie, which was issued by National Military Organization (NOW) during German and the second Soviet occupation in Lviv (1943-1946). The publication was based on NOW members’ relations, gathered by Boleslaw Tomaszewski. The author describes the structure of NOW, as well as the places where printing houses and contact points were located.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Słowo Polskie
  topic: keywords
subject: Home Army
  topic: keywords
subject: AK
  topic: keywords
subject: National Military Organization
  topic: keywords
subject: NOW
  topic: keywords
subject: underground press
  topic: keywords
subject: Second World War
  topic: keywords
subject: Borderlands
  topic: keywords
subject: Lviv
  topic: keywords
creator: Kasper Bednarek
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 117
ending page: 139
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.07

Losy członków Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii i Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów internowanych w Czechosłowacji po II wojnie światowej
type: item
description: THE FATE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE UKRAINIAN INSURGENT ARMY AND ORGANISATION OF UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS INTERNEDIN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AFTER 1945 The article provides information on the topic of soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) imprisoned in Czechoslovakia during the so called “Action B” or “The Great Raid to the West”, which occured in 1947. The first part describes the problematic of occurence of the UPA raiding units in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, the problematic of caught courries of OUN and terms and conditions in and under which the prisoners were kept in as well as agreements between Poland and Czechoslovakia regarding these people, legally Polish citizens in most cases, and obligation of Czechoslovakia to both these people and Poland. In second part the article presents intentions of the Czechoslovak side regarding the future of capture people and the processes that lead to their extradition to Poland as well as the the extradition plans, their evolution and execution. The last part consists of fates of these people after having been extradited to Poland and Czechoslovak-Polish actions in later extraditions and investigation of those who managed to evade capture. The author also analyses why the original intentions of the Czechoslovak side were not realized. The annexes present lists of captured Ukrainians and their fate in form of tables.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukrainian Insurgent Army
  topic: keywords
subject: postwar Czechoslovakia
  topic: keywords
subject: postwar Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: UPA raids
  topic: keywords
subject: prisoners of war
  topic: keywords
subject: extraditions of criminals
  topic: keywords
creator: Vlastimil Ondrák
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 141
ending page: 178
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.08

Wizerunek Polski (II RP, PRL i III RP) we współczesnych ukraińskich podręcznikach historii
type: item
description: THE FATE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE UKRAINIAN INSURGENT ARMY AND ORGANISATION OF UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS INTERNEDIN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AFTER 1945 The article provides information on the topic of soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) imprisoned in Czechoslovakia during the so called “Action B” or “The Great Raid to the West”, which occured in 1947. The first part describes the problematic of occurence of the UPA raiding units in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, the problematic of caught courries of OUN and terms and conditions in and under which the prisoners were kept in as well as agreements between Poland and Czechoslovakia regarding these people, legally Polish citizens in most cases, and obligation of Czechoslovakia to both these people and Poland. In second part the article presents intentions of the Czechoslovak side regarding the future of capture people and the processes that lead to their extradition to Poland as well as the the extradition plans, their evolution and execution. The last part consists of fates of these people after having been extradited to Poland and Czechoslovak-Polish actions in later extraditions and investigation of those who managed to evade capture. The author also analyses why the original intentions of the Czechoslovak side were not realized. The annexes present lists of captured Ukrainians and their fate in form of tables.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ukrainian textbooks of History
  topic: keywords
subject: іmage
  topic: keywords
subject: Second Polish Republic
  topic: keywords
subject: Polish People’s Republic
  topic: keywords
subject: Third Polish Republic
  topic: keywords
subject: Polish-Ukrainian relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian-Ukrainian war
  topic: keywords
creator: Ołeksandr Nepryćkyj
creator: Tetiana Melnyczuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 179
ending page: 199
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.09

https://journals.akademicka.pl/kpk/article/view/4933
type: item
title: Kolekcja sybiracka Archiwum Naukowego Polskiego Towarzystwa Ludoznawczego we Wrocławiu. Bibliografia komentowana, wstęp i oprac. Małgorzata Ruchniewicz, Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze, Wrocław 2020, Biblioteka Zesłańca, Świadectwa XX wieku, t. 1, 520 ss.
description: IMAGE OF POLAND (SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC, POLISH PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC AND THIRD POLISH REPUBLIC) IN MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS The article analyses which image of Poland is present in modern Ukrainian textbooks of history for pupils of 10th and 11th forms (regarding the period since 1918 till present) that were written after the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014 and were published during 2018-2019. The study is based on content analysis of 30 textbooks on The History of Ukraine, World History and the integrated course “History: Ukraine and the World” for pupils of 10th and 11th forms. In order to determine how positive or negative is the image of Poland that is formed in the mind of the reader, the 4th year students of the History Department of Mykhaylo Kotsiubynsky Vinnytsia State Pedagogical University were asked to determine the number of mentions of the words Poland, Polish, the Poles etc. with positive, neutral and negative connotation in every textbook. The obtained results were then subject to quality analysis. We may observe the ambiguous reflection of the image of Poland in Ukrainian history schoolbooks, which is a logical reflection of long-lasting and complex historical relations between the Poles and the Ukrainians. In general, the image of Poland in The History of Ukraine textbooks is worse than the one presented in the World History textbooks as the authors were forced to show different sides of Polish-Ukrainian interaction in the 20th century. However, real historical conditions for Polish-Ukrainian friendship and cooperation at the current stage and the results of the work of the Joint International Committee of Experts on Improving the Content of School Textbooks have undoubtedly influenced the situation – in spite of highlighting truly difficult relations between the two peoples, the “enemy image” of Poland is not formed; attention is mostly focused on broad political, social, cultural and other circumstances that have led to ambiguous…
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 203
ending page: 208
doi: 10.12797/KPK.14.2022.14.10