„LingVaria” są półrocznikiem wydawanym od 2006 r. przez Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i publikującym artykuły z zakresu językoznawstwa, głównie polonistycznego, ale też z zakresu językoznawstwa ogólnego i slawistycznego. Odbiorcami są językoznawcy, a także doktoranci i studenci o zainteresowaniach lingwistycznych. Założycielem i pierwszym redaktorem naczelnym LingVariów jest prof. dr hab. Mirosław Skarżyński. Wersją podstawową (referencyjną) czasopisma jest wersja elektroniczna.
Rola słowników opracowanych przez autochtonów w dokumentacji leksyki gwarowej
THE ROLE OF DICTIONARIES DEVELOPED BY AUTOCHTHONOUS AUTHORS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE DIALECTAL LEXIS The documentation of dialectal vocabulary is an urgent task in view of the rapid disappearance of dialects or their evolution. That is why it is so important to develop dictionaries of dialects that have not been described lexicographically so far. Regional and local dialectal dictionaries, apart from documentation and scientific purposes, also play an important role in the region, in cultural activities undertaken and in maintaining the awareness of regional distinctiveness. They are an important determinant of this regional and local awareness, a sign of emotional ties connecting the inhabitants of a region or one town. A special role in the Polish dialect lexicography is played by autochthonous authors, both linguists, dialectologists and amateurs. It is them, knowing the native dialect and its users well, who can obtain valuable and rare lexical material for scientific research. The article, based on selected examples, discusses the role of dictionaries developed by indigenous peoples, it also indicates the reasons why these dictionaries are so valuable for dialectology.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Czasownik knysić i jego derywaty prefiksalne w gwarze okolic Biecza na Pogórzu na tle innych gwar
THE VERB KNYSIĆ AND ITS PREFIX DERIVATIVES IN THE DIALECT OF THE BIECZ AREA IN PODGÓRZE IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER DIALECTS The aim of this article is to present the ambiguous verb knysić meaning i. a. ‘to mix’, ‘to knead, knead, mix, knead (mainly dough)’ and prefixal formations, such as naknysić, poknysić, sknysić, uknysić, wyknysić, zaknysić functioning in the Bugaj dialect of the Pogórze region (Gorlice district) in comparison with other dialects. This verb in other Lesser Poland dialects shows a high variance, cf. e.g. knysić/knycić/knychcić/klęsić/knysać/knyszać kniysać/kmysać/klysać/kłysać/knychać/knytać/ knysać/klęsać. The author of the article discusses the state of documentation of the studied words, their variants, meanings, and territorial range. An existing etymological hypothesis is also presented; however, a discussion of the etymology of this verb, unclear as to its genesis, requires further research, taking into account not only other common words and proper names containing the same or formally similar root (e.g. nouns knys, knysz, local names of the Knyszyn type, personal names, e.g. Knysz, Knyszka), but also a non-Slavic background. However, the data presented in the article may provide important arguments for the etymologisation of the verb in question.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Halina Karaś https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analiza porównawcza wybranych nazw gatunków alkoholu w języku polskim i serbskim
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TERMS REGARDING LIQUOR IN POLISH AND SERBIAN LANGUAGE The aim of this paper is to discuss linguistic and cultural similarities and differences regarding selected terms associated with alcohol in Polish and Serbian language. The sources from which the language material was gathered included monolingual dictionaries, supplemented by the vocabulary from a Polish-Serbian dictionary, and compared in terms of etymology, semantic and pragmatical aspects. The comparison of Polish and Serbian linguistic material showed symmetry or lack thereof, as well as how two very closely related Slavic nations perceive reality, which lead to showing what still connects Western and Southern Slavs as well as where the differences between them lie.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Jelisaveta Vlajković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Przykłady jednowyrazowych jednostek zapożyczonych w języku radzieckiej prasy polskojęzycznej (na materiale „Głosu Radzieckiego” z 1939 r.)
EXAMPLES OF ONE-WORD BORROWED UNITS IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE SOVIET PRESS (BASED ON “GŁOS RADZIECKI” 1939) The paper presents examples of one-word borrowed units taken from the Soviet newspaper “Głos Radziecki” [Soviet Voice] from 1939. The author analysed lexemes which are loanwords from the East Slavic languages and units with foreign etymology which were adapted to Ukrainian and Russian languages and then penetrated into the Polish language of Soviet press. The examples were divided into three groups: formal-semantic borrowings, semantic and structural calques. They are given along with lexicographical descriptions and examples of using. For the comparative analysis the author used dictionaries of the Polish, Ukrainian and Russian languages, as well as historical lexicons.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Daria Ławrynow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Śladami polskiej emigracji w Brazylii. Przyczyny i znaczenie badań nad brazylijską prasą polonijną
TRACING POLISH EMIGRATION IN BRAZIL: CAUSES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE BRAZILIAN POLISH-LANGUAGE PRESS The analysis of the research on Polish linguistic traces in Brazil reveals a predominance of studies focused on spoken Polish in Brazil. In contrast, Brazilian polonica, both in terms of their content and linguistic form, remain a less explored research area. The linguistic and cultural material found in over a hundred periodicals published in Polish in the late 19th and 20th centuries represents a largely unexplored source of knowledge about the history of Polish immigrants and their descendants in Brazil. Press materials can serve as a valuable resource for studying both the linguistic practices of Polish immigrants on various levels and their language ideologies and beliefs. The aim of this article is to preliminarily define the object of research along with an explanation of the rationale that prompted us to take up the subject of the Polish press in Brazil. Its overview will be preceded by a discussion of the state of research and presentation of the literature on the subject.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Michał Szczyszek, Alicja Goczyła Ferreira, Agnieszka Piotrowska-Wojaczyk, Zuzanna Przybysz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Trójwymiarowa etniczna mapa Mińszczyzny w antroponimach literackich Sergiusza Piaseckiego
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ETHNIC MAP OF THE MINSKLAND IN THE LITERARY ANTHROPONYMS OF SERGIUSZ PIASECKI The article attempts to characterise S. Piasecki’s literary vision of the multiethnic world of the Polish- Belarusian borderland in the interwar period. For this purpose, an analysis of anthroponyms from his novel “Kochanek Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy” (The Lover of Ursa Major) was conducted. The novel’s surnames, first names and ethnonyms were treated as deixis that allow for indicating ethnic areas on the world map of the novel and for establishing their valuation. The conclusions concern Piasecki’s writing practice which involves, on the one hand, using novel onomastics to mark ethnic areas, but, on the other hand, blurring their boundaries in favour of constructing areas of social, ideological and ethical strangeness and familiarity.
funkcja deiktyczna nazw osobowych w powieści
zróżnicowanie narodowościowe pogranicza polsko-białoruskiego w pierwszej połowie XX w.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Aleksandra Niewiara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna. Czym było dawne się?
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF OLD POLISH LANGUAGE AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION. WHAT THE OLD POLISH SIĘ WAS? The article concerns to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. It discusses the problem with the annotation of the textual word się (also sie and si). Linguists tend to disagree with the thesis that się belonged to a specific grammatical class. Also, historical dictionaries and corpora of Polish have not been helpful in annotating it. Difficulties resulted mainly from the fact that the Old Polish era was the time of crystallization of this word’s syntactic and morphological functions which were difficult to distinguish in many particular uses. In this paper we describe the process that led us to the creation of the class grammaticalized SIĘ (się as an exponent of certain grammatical information: a word-forming morpheme, an exponent of reflexivity, passivity or impersonality) and the adoption of two possibilities for annotating się (also as a personal pronoun).
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Olga Ziółkowska, Aleksandra Deskur, Ewa Nowak-Pasterska, Dorota Rojszczak-Robińska, Magdalena Wismont, Kinga Zalejarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HISTORY OF THE WORD POSŁANKA IN POLISH The subject of the article is the occurrence of the word posłanka [female member of parliament] in Polish, referring to a member of the lower house of parliament. The sources used in the study are primarily Polish dictionaries and corpora, including the Corpus of Parliamentary Discourse and the National Corpus of the Polish Language. The discussion on the nomination of women in parliament in the pages of “Poradnik Językowy” (“Linguistuic Manual”), an interwar periodical dedicated to the culture of language, was also examined. The need to create a name for a woman holding an office in the parliament of deputy was a consequence of her obtaining the right to run for the office, which occurred in 1918 by decree of the Polish president. The records of the proceedings of the Parliament of the Second Polish Republic confirm the presence of the name posłanka, the frequency of which gradually increased from the first mention in 1922 to 120 appearances in the 3rd term. The term posłanka also has numerous confirmations from the sessions of the Parliament of the Polish People’s Republic but, due to the low rank and limited decision-making power of this institution, it disappeared from public use. Its presence in the 1980s is not recorded in the National Corpus of the Polish Language. It returned in the 1990s with the opinion of a neologism and a deprecating name.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ewa Woźniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Wojna rosyjsko-ukraińska w polskim dyskursie politycznym na Twitterze – metody ilościowej analizy treści
RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR IN POLISH POLITICAL DISCOURSE ON TWITTER – METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS This article explores the use of quantitative methods in analysing political discourse on social media. The study focuses on tweets published by official political party accounts on Twitter during the first six months following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The primary objective was to identify the main topics, discourse actors, and values present in political messages related to the armed conflict, as well as to reconstruct the structure and dynamics of the discourse. The analysis included a combination of quantitative techniques, including frequency analysis, named entity recognition, topic modelling with the LDA algorithm, and semantic analysis based on a large language model (LLM). This methodological approach allowed for the identification of dominant themes and their evolution over time, offering deeper insights into the complexity of the discourse. The study serves as an example of how natural language processing (NLP) tools can be applied to the analysis of contemporary political communication.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Rafał Mazur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE POLISH ADJECTIVE OSTATNI ‘THE LAST’ The word ostatni ‘the last’ is one of the ordinal adjectives in contemporary Polish. The unit in question occurs primarily in anteposition to the noun forming nominal phrase. The adjective ostatni is a lexical exponent of the notion of sequence which implies a succession of many (at least three) states of affairs. The unit under discussion is used occasionally but it is monosemic independently of the function performed in a sentence. The adjective ostatni can function as an attribute of the noun, as a predicative expression in basic predicative expression, and as a non-basic predicative expression in a given simple sentence. The unit mentioned above belongs to systemically intratextual adjectives.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Maciej Grochowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Słownictwo XXI-wieczne w Wielkim słowniku języka polskiego PAN – zasób i charakterystyka ogólna
21ST CENTURY VOCABULARY IN THE GREAT DICTIONARY OF POLISH BY THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES – RESOURCES AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS The aim of this article is to present the Great Dictionary of Polish published by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) (Polish: Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN) as a potential source for the research on the latest Polish lexis (i. e., lexis that has been documented in text and corpora sources since 2001). First, the author briefly discusses the principles and course of work on introducing chronological information into the dictionary; then the author shows how the user of the dictionary can, using the search tool according to the Chronologization field, independently access the necessary sets of entries with selected (not only 21st-century) dating characteristics. The main part of the text is the presentation of the general (primarily numerical) characteristics of 21st-century lexical material according to grammatical criteria (part of speech, word-formation structure), semantic (in relation to the thematic classification used in the dictionary), stylistic and etymological criteria (language of origin of borrowings).
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Piotr Żmigrodzki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Raz jeszcze o liczbie i formach jej reprezentacji symbolicznej
ONCE AGAIN ON A NUMBER AND FORMS OF ITS SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION The author of this article analyses the multidimensional concept of a number and its symbolic representations, with particular emphasis on the graphic form (digit) in contemporary communication. It considers the universality of a number, its relation to the category of quantity, as well as its functions – quantifying, ordinal, identifying, and axiological ones. The text examines the symbolic meanings of numbers and their cultural interpretations. It analyses the role of digits in communication as carriers of additional meanings and elements that enrich the text visually. Attention is also drawn to the dualistic nature of a number, which, detached from the interpreting person and context, is a pure abstraction.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ewa Konefał https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
NEGATION AND PRAGMATICS: USE OF THE NEGATION OPERATOR ‘NOT’ IN PERFORMATIVE STATEMENTS The article concerns the pragmatic aspects of negation. Being aware of the fact that negation is a characteristic element of the entire set of speech acts, such as disagreement, opposition, counterargument, objection, complaint, etc., the author aims to determine to what extent this pragmatic character of negation is direct or indirect. Negation is a category of functional words the sphere of application of which is the assertive part of the sentence, i. e. semantic information. Performative verbs cannot be negated due to their status as physical entities, i. e., individual speech acts fulfilled at a specific time and place. Therefore, in the structure of speech acts, negation occurs mostly in the assertive part, and the negative semantic content contributes to the modification of the illocutionary function. As a result, syncretic and indirect speech acts are created. The negation operator is also added to performative verbs that stand in opposition to complementary antonyms (I let | I don’t let). Thus, the “not” operator functions as an element of the names of actions that are alternative to their affirmative counterparts.
negacja, pragmatyka, asercja, illokucja, akt mowy, dyskurs konwersacyjny
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Aleksander Kiklewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ojczyzna, ale jaka? Profilowanie konceptu OJCZYZNY w polskich dyskursach publicznych
HOMELAND, BUT WHAT KIND? PROFILING THE CONCEPT OF HOMELAND IN POLISH PUBLIC DISCOURSES The structure of the homeland concept includes permanent (nuclear) and variable components, conditioned by subjective factors and a broad social, political and cultural context. Homeland, being an ideologized concept and saturated with emotions, because it remains in a network of numerous connections and entanglements – with the nation, history, tradition, religion, language, land of the fathers and the memory of ancestors – is sometimes used by politicians and ideologists as a tool for propaganda or campaign and election purposes. The article analyses the profiling of the concept of homeland in five public discourses: 1) Catholic (in its variants: institutional-Church, liberal-Catholic, national-Catholic), 2) liberal-democratic, 3) national-right, 4) left-wing, 5) anarchist, radical liberal. The profiles of homeland are dynamic in them – they oscillate between three situations: real (underlying the concept is a modal judgment: the homeland as it is), desirable (the homeland as it should be) and possible (the homeland as it can be).
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Zmiany w stosowaniu przyimków z nazwą Ukraina na podstawie danych korpusowych
CHANGES IN THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS WITH THE NAME UKRAINE IN POLISH: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY The Russian attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 initiated a change of preference for the new syntax w Ukrainie/do Ukrainy in the place of the old and significantly more common na Ukrainie/na Ukrainę. The change was confirmed in the MoncoPL corpus. Over a period of 3 years, the corpus data showed a strengthening position of the new syntax. However, the conducted research confirmed the existence of editorial policies on the use of prepositions with the name Ukraine with some publishers. This fact may have influenced the obtained results, as the corpus material is based on edited texts. The linguistic data extracted from unedited source (posts on portal X) confirm the initial growth of uses with the syntax w Ukrainie, but do not confirm the upward trend of this change. It is, therefore, not possible to conclude that there has been a change with respect to the use of prepositions with the name Ukraine, and future research should also take into account unedited sources.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Michał Bartłomiej Citko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Właściwości językowe taks wojewodzińskich dla piekarzy krakowskich z lat 1573-1630
LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES OF LOCAL TAXES FOR KRAKÓW BAKERS FROM THE YEARS (1573–1630) In the National Archives in Kraków, within the series Libri taxarum victualium et rerum mechanicarum, under reference number 29/667/115, there is a folder containing manuscript documents of exceptional value for historical and linguistic research: Voivodeship Price Regulations for Bakers from July 15, 1573 to August 16, 1630. These regulations are subjected to a linguistic analysis in the present article which is divided into four parts. The first part addresses the generic features of the price regulations, as the structure of these documents for bakers is relatively uniform. It can be captured within a certain compositional framework, allowing the hypothesis that the regulations represented a distinct genre of official text in the 16th and 17th centuries. The second part reviews selected characteristic phonetic features of these documents, namely: the realization of nasal vowels, closed vowels, the pronunciation of e before j in the ending -ej>ėj and in the suffix of the comparative degree of adverbs, vowel changes in dependent positions (i. e., the development of i, y before l, ł into e), the influence of other half-open vowels on preceding vowels, the pronunciation of l’, the anticipation of palatalization, and the unification of consonants in terms of voicing in medial position and at word boundaries. The third part, focused on inflection, examines the following forms of adjectives and nouns: instrumental singular of the pronominal-adjectival declension; genitive, dative, and locative singular as well as genitive plural of the feminine declension; accusative singular of vowel-stem feminine nouns; the expansive use of the -ow ending from the -ŭ- declension to other masculine nouns in this case; the locative singular of the -ŏ- stem declension; remnants of the dual number in the regulations. In the fourth part, an analysis of the superlative forms of adjectives and the puzzling form jemny/odjemny is presented.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Sylwia Przęczek-Kisielak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Znaczenie przymiotnika żałosny w świetle kognitywnej semantyki uczuć
THE MEANING OF THE ADJECTIVE ŻAŁOSNY IN THE LIGHT OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS OF FEELINGS The aim of the article is to analyse the meanings of the adjective żałosny from both a diachronic and synchronic perspective, in the context of the semantics of the emotion of żal (‘pity’). The goal is to show how the concept of żal is evoked in both historical and contemporary meanings of this adjective. The methodological foundation of the analysis is based on concepts from cognitive and cultural linguistics, frequently used in research on linguistic expressions of emotions: Eleanor Rosch’s prototype theory (1978), Charles Fillmore’s frame semantics (1985), and Anna Wierzbicka’s (1999) suggestion for describing emotion scenarios. The material basis consists of historical and contemporary dictionaries of the Polish language as well as corpus data. The results of the analysis indicate a transformation in the meanings of the adjective żałosny, linked to a shift in evaluative connotation, which can be explained by changes in the prototypical emotion scenarios (and their profiled elements) evoked in the respective meanings of the adjective under study.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Marta Dobrowolska-Pigoń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Motywacja nazw lokali gastronomicznych - na przykładzie Krakowa
MOTIVATION FOR THE NAMES OF CATERING ESTABLISHMENTS – AS ILLUSTRATED BY KRAKOW COMPANIES The article aims to determine and describe the types of motivation for the names of gastronomic establishments, using the example of Krakow companies. Based on over a thousand names collected in 2024, the author determines the main types of motivation for these names. She distinguishes direct and indirect realistic motivation, i. e. associative and conventional motivation. She presents names within a dozen or so types of motivation distinguished in terms of meaning. The largest collection consists of names of establishments inspired by the type of national cuisine or regional cuisine, then by the type of dishes offered, and, in the third place, by location. The numerous foreign names are worthy of attention, with English names dominating, followed by Italian, French, Spanish and others. The analysis of the names of catering companies allows us to identify current naming models from the point of view of motivation in this category of onyms.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Renata Przybylska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Zielona ściema. Zmiany struktury znaczeniowej wyrazu zielony w wyniku popularyzacji postaw prośrodowiskowych
ZIELONA ŚCIEMA. CHANGES IN THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE WORD ZIELONY (‘GREEN’) AS A RESULT OF THE POPULARISATION OF PRO-ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDES The popularisation of pro-ecological attitudes is causing vocabulary changes which are having an impact on the need to revise existing lexicographic descriptions. An example is the word zielony ‘green’ the collocation of which has expanded considerably over the past fifteen years. This has resulted in the development of several new meanings of the word and a partial change in its semantic properties from a qualitative adjective to a relational adjective. The difficulty here is the necessity to describe dozens of expressions that function as terms of specialised language.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Anna Czelakowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Profesor Maria Strycharska-Brzezina (1940–2025). Wspomnienie
Brak abstraktu dla tego artykułu.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Jadwiga Waniakowa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Maciej Rak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Language and Culture of Polish Highlanders The paper discusses the methodological and practical lexicographic solutions implemented in J. Kąś’s Ilustrowany leksykon gwary i kultury podhalańskiej (‘An illustrated lexicon of Podhalan dialect and culture’). In view of its theoretical and material values, this twelve-volume work occupies a significant place in Slavic dialectal lexicography. It is a so-called full dialectal dictionary, but at the same time an encyclopaedia of Podhalan folklore. Linguistic explanations entwine with description of the folk culture. The various ways in which ethnographic information is presented constitute an indisputable innovation, and it must be added that one of those ways are numerous photographs. A reliable, and also clearly designed dictionary has without doubt a great scientific and cultural significance. It can be used not only by dialectologists and ethnographers, but by anyone with interest in folk culture.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2019 Swietłana M. Tołstojewa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Obmowa, obmawianie, oczernianie w polskich gwarach
BACKBITE, BACKBITING, SLANDER IN POLISH DIALECTS The subject of the study includes the acts of backbite, backbiting and slander occurring in Polish dialects. On the basis of the material in the form of vocabulary and phrasematics, the following topics are discussed in detail: the act of backbite and the phenomenon of backbiting, approximating the scope of backbite (links to specific speech acts), the circumstances and places conducive to backbiting, the ones being backbitten, the ones backbiting; the speech activity of slander, defining the scope of this act (co-dependence with other speech acts); together backbiting and slander, bringing out the aspects of correlation between these acts (co-contextuality in relation to gossiping, spoiling opinions) and highlighting the issues of creating names associated with these speech acts. The consideration of verbal acts of backbite, backbiting and slander presents a peculiar segment in the circulation of messages perpetuated in the dialects. It also reveals the specific characteristics of the considered speech acts, as well as the co-dependence of backbiting and slander.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Włodzimierz Wysoczański https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Środki wartościująco-emotywne pod adresem współobywateli w dyskursie sceptyków wobec szczepień przeciw COVID-19
VALUE-EMOTIONAL MEASURES TOWARDS FELLOW CITIZENS IN THE DISCOURSE OF COVID-19 VACCINATION SCEPTICS The authors analyse comments by COVID-19 vaccination sceptics published on Facebook. The subject of the study is the means of valuing fellow citizens receiving successive doses of the vaccine. The theoretical and methodological background is provided by the assumptions of J. Puzynina’s axiolinguistics. The analysis made it possible to distinguish two groups of valuing measures (systemically and pragmatically), which stigmatise certain characteristics: stupidity and being susceptible to manipulation. These include value-laden lexis, as well as presuppositions, ironic uses, or provocations. The third group is made up of measures representing coronalexics, e. g. szczepany, zakeczupowani or covidioci. The means of valuing used by vaccination sceptics are part of the WE–THEY dichotomy, which, combined with axiologically motivated discrediting, testifies to the ideologisation of the analysed discourse.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Wioletta Wilczek, Bernadetta Ciesek-Ślizowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Werbalne przejawy wzajemnego oddziaływania florystycznego i animalistycznego kodów konceptualnych w języku polskim
VERBAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INTERACTION OF FLORISTIC AND ANIMALISTIC CONCEPTUAL CODES IN POLISH LANGUAGE The study of the linguistic and conceptual picture of the world in general and conceptual codes in particular is an important task of cognitive linguistics and ethnolinguistics. In this study the author investigates the issues of interaction between floristic and animalistic conceptual codes at the verbal level. The interaction takes place in two directions: when the floristic code assimilates elements of the animalistic one and when the animalistic code adopts elements of the floristic one. This interaction often occurs with the participation of other conceptual codes. The analysis of flower names revealed the relations of simple, complex, and mixed motivation with semantic-lexical components of other conceptual codes. Among the examined floronominations there are those that have a simple motivation with the components of animalistic conceptual code, a complex one (animalistic and colouristic, animalistic and locative, animalistic and floristic, animalistic and related to utilitarian culture) and a mixed one (animalistic and axiological, animalistic and colouristic, related to utilitarian culture, axiological). Among the common zoonyms, those with complex motivation (floristic and locative) and mixed motivation (floristic and colouristic, floristic and meteorological) were noted, while among the proper names of animals, those with simple and mixed motivation (floristic and anthropological, floristic and colouristic) were found. This study showed possible cases of mutual influence of plant and animal conceptual codes based on the example of Polish-wide, dialectal, scientific lexical units, proper and common names, which represent different ways of conceptualizing the world. The study of the interaction between conceptual codes is important for the development of theories of ethnolinguistics, semiotics and cognitive linguistics.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Lidiia Nepop-Aidachych https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Koncept polskość w dyskursie dyplomatycznym
THE CONCEPT OF POLISHNESS IN DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE The paper focuses on the concept of polishness in diplomatic discourse. The work presents the dictionary meanings of the lexeme Polishness, and characterizes diplomatic discourse. The basic criteria for distinguishing this type of discourse are the topic (the situation and activities of the Polish diaspora, diplomatic activities for its members) and the sender (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic missions abroad). In diplomatic discourse, the Polishness of places and people is the object of interest and concern, and requires institutional support. State representatives express their gratitude for the promotion of Polishness. National and religious holidays are a time to celebrate Polishness and show happiness with one’s origins. From the state’s point of view, Polishness is something to be proud of.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ewa Białek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
O warzywnych określeniach ludzi głupich i zachowujących się niekulturalnie. Przyczynek do językowo-kulturowego obrazu warzyw w polszczyźnie
VEGETABLE EXPRESSIONS DENOTING FOOLISH AND MISBEHAVING PEOPLE AS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL IMAGE OF VEGETABLES IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE The subject of the article is the names of vegetables which secondarily become insults, that is, they are referred to people who are negatively evaluated due to stupidity and improper behaviour. It is interesting to point out why, among plants, it is vegetables that are used most often in this function. In the first part of the article the author collects and briefly describes the most important elements of the linguistic and cultural image of vegetables in the Polish language for this topic, and in the second part the author characterises the vegetable forms used in the contemporary insulting description of a person: kapuściana głowa [cabbage head], głąb [cabbage heart], burak [beetroot], cebulak [onion-man], kartofel [potato]. The author presents the length of their functioning in Polish and their popularity reflected in the number of derivatives. Also, the author attempts to indicate why they are the ones associated with stupidity and lack of culture, and to what extent it is due to the linguistic and cultural image of vegetables or to other current socio-cultural transformations.
określenia osób głupich i negatywnie ocenianych
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Barbara Batko-Tokarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Grzeczność językowa w listach Katarzyny Smreczyńskiej do syna Władysława Orkana
LINGUISTIC POLITENESS IN THE LETTERS OF KATARZYNA SMRECZYŃSKA TO HER SON WŁADYSŁAW ORKAN The article discusses the formulas of linguistic politeness in Katarzyna Smreczyńska’s letters to her son, Władysław Orkan. The text is based on the results of research on Polish linguistic etiquette and old epistolography. The analysis covered performative speech acts typical of the issue. The use of polite formulas served to emphasise the personal bond between the dialogue participants. It was responsible for maintaining contact in an indirect communication situation, which proves the power of the phatic function in letters. The text attempts to answer the question of how the letter writers influenced communication etiquette. Katarzyna Smreczyńska’s addition of random writers influenced the pace of exchange of correspondence and required acts of politeness (for example, justifying her tardiness). The participation of intermediaries writing down the text made it possible to initiate etiquette acts that went beyond the conventional composition of a letter.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Krzysztof Waśkowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0