„LingVaria” są półrocznikiem wydawanym od 2006 r. przez Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i publikującym artykuły z zakresu językoznawstwa, głównie polonistycznego, ale też z zakresu językoznawstwa ogólnego i slawistycznego. Odbiorcami są językoznawcy, a także doktoranci i studenci o zainteresowaniach lingwistycznych. Założycielem i pierwszym redaktorem naczelnym LingVariów jest prof. dr hab. Mirosław Skarżyński. Wersją podstawową (referencyjną) czasopisma jest wersja elektroniczna.
Brak abstraktu dla tego artykułu.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Maciej Rak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Anna Tyrpa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Charakterystyka deminutywów w gwarze (na materiale Słownika gwary orawskiej)
ON DIALECTAL DIMINUTIVES (BASED ON THE DICTIONARY OF THE ORAVA DIALECT) The article provides a general description of broadly understood dialectal diminutives based on the Dictionary of the Orava Dialect by Józef Kąś. It also attempts to verify the widespread belief in linguistics that dialects are characterised by expressiveness and they are full of diminutives. Nearly 400 examples were analysed and divided into six word-formation categories, the most numerous of which is the category of tautological-diminutive/expressive names. Apart from this, diminutive, expressive, diminutive-expressive, tautological and folkloric names were distinguished. These derivatives constitute a small part of the Orava dialect lexicon (1.9% of the total vocabulary and 4.5% of nouns – almost identical proportions are characteristic of SWJP – the Dictionary of Contemporary Polish Language); expressive formations have an even lower share (less than 1.5% of all nouns), and dialectal word-formation means are no richer than in general Polish.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Tomasz Kurdyła https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kontynuacje i innowacje w słownikowych notacjach polskich frazemów biblijnych
CONTINUATIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN DICTIONARY NOTATIONS OF POLISH BIBLICAL PHRASES The lexicographical perspective is considered one of the most important areas for preserving and disseminating biblical expressions in the Polish language. Broadly understood biblical expressions, as basic indicators of the Polish biblical style, include phrases that are quotations, derivatives and paraphrases of biblical text fragments. The subject of this paper is the lexicographical notation of biblicisms established in the Polish language, which are attested in Polish translations of the Holy Scriptures. The idea is to trace the lexicographical tradition related to the presence and notation of these biblical forms in selected older and newer general dictionaries of the Polish language. The review was conducted chronologically and diachronically, showing what was continued and what was changed in subsequent dictionaries, both in terms of macrostructure and microstructure. Next, a suggestion was presented for the description of multi-word biblicisms in the Polish language in a planned lexicon, with an indication of the lexicographical tradition and innovative solutions.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Magdalena Puda-Blokesz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Future Tense in East Polissian (Border) Dialects
This article provides further insight into the use, function, and distribution of the imperfective future in East Polissian (border) dialects within the broader context of the East Slavic languages. Futurity – particularly the issue of the imperfective synthetic future in Standard Ukrainian, often discussed in relation to the analogous Romance pattern – has received substantial scholarly attention over recent decades. By contrast, relatively little attention has been devoted to the use and distribution of imperfective future constructions, both analytic (periphrastic) and synthetic, in the Central and East Polissian dialects. An examination of these constructions, alongside other dialectal morphosyntactic and typological features, is essential for achieving a more accurate areal-typological characterization of the (East) Slavic languages.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Salvatore Del Gaudio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Krystalizowanie się funkcji metapredykatywnej wykładników aproksymacji liczbowej w historii polszczyzny(na przykładzie przyimków)
THE CRYSTALLISATION OF THE METAPREDICATIVE FUNCTION OF THE EXPONENTS OF NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION IN THE HISTORY OF THE POLISH LANGUAGE (ON THE BASIS OF EXAMPLES FURNISHED BY PREPOSITIONS) The object of the research concerns the class of the exponents of numerical approximation (e. g. bez mała stu ludzi, z siedemset kilogramów, ładnych kilka metrów, jakieś 30 metrów), variously categorised due to the peculiar (grammatical), inflectional and syntactic properties. As demonstrated by contemporary analyses, it is a group of lexemes which oscillate between the objective and non-objective level of a language. The author is interested above all in the evolution of exponents derived from prepositions (e.g. pod, nad, o, przed, ponad, blisko, około, mimo). She seeks the answer to the question about what processes resulted in the development of their metapredicative function; what determined the fact that some of them became separated from the syntax of dependence, lost their case government. The development of two groups was discussed in a more in-depth manner: the units z and ponad as well as blisko and około. The author points out that there were different linguistic mechanisms which brought about the syntactic changes in both groups, showing the multi-layered causes of transformations of this kind.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Aleksandra Janowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
O starszych i nowszych frazeologizmach z komponentami żyletka i żyleta
ABOUT OLDER AND NEWER PHRASEOLOGISMS WITH THE COMPONENTS ŻYLETKA AND ŻYLETA The authors of this article present approximately 20 phraseologisms with the components żyletka and żyleta (‘razor blade’). Their history begins in the interwar period (ostry jak żyletka (‘as sharp as a razor blade’)). Immediately after World War II, the term na żyletki (‘for scrap metal’) appeared, while the phraselogisms with the componet żyleta appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. Among the phraseologisms discussed, defining expressions predominate, with verb phrases being less common, and noun expressions and phrases being the rarest. All phrases belong to the colloquial register of Polish; a few represent various sociolects (criminal, card, youth, photography), while the term na żyletki has migrated from the naval sociolect into general Polish. Today, the term na żyletki appears in Polish in many meanings, evolving from the meaning ‘within a short (spatial) distance’. The high turnout during the 2025 presidential election contributed to the popularity of one of these meanings ‘with a slight difference.’ Only a small part of the collection of phraseologisms analysed in the article was recorded in general and specialised dictionaries of the Polish language.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Anna Piotrowicz-Krenc, Małgorzata Witaszek-Samborska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Polskie composita o zamiennych członach typu wiertarkowkrętarka
POLISH COMPOUNDS WITH INTERCHANGEABLE COMPONENTS OF THE WIERTARKOWKRĘTARKA (‘DRILL-DRIVER’) TYPE The subject of the article includes common names of artefacts, mostly neologisms, referred to as compounds. They differ from previously known compounds in that their components can occur interchangeably (e.g. kocobluza and bluzokoc), a fact that is attested in actual texts. The aim of the article is to identify the reasons for the occurrence of such semantic doublets and the conditions that make the interchangeability of the components of the compounds in question possible. The analysed compounds were formed in Polish from two word-formation bases whose stems are joined by the interfix -o-. They are coordinative in nature; however, the article challenges the thesis of the coordinative status of their components. The presence of compound structures with interchangeable components constitutes yet another manifestation of the tendency toward explicitness and precision in language.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Monika Jabłońska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psiecko, kocierzyństwo i rodzina międzygatunkowa. Językowe przejawy zmian w postrzeganiu zwierząt domowych i relacji ludzie–zwierzęta
PSIECKO, KOCIERZYŃSTWO, AND RODZINA MIĘDZYGATUNKOWA. LINGUISTIC MANIFESTATIONS OF CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF PETS AND HUMAN–ANIMAL RELATIONS The article examines linguistic manifestations of a new type of relationship between humans and pets, in which animals are treated as full-fledged members of the family, most notably through being assigned the role of children. This shift is reflected in a set of relatively recent Polish lexical items, including psiecko (‘fur baby’), kociecko (‘cat baby’), psórka (‘dog daughter’), adopciny (‘adoption anniversary’), and rodzina międzygatunkowa (‘interspecies family’). The analysis is based on online texts – forums, blogs, social media posts, and websites for pet breeders and enthusiasts, particularly those focused on dogs and cats – which represent the perspective of caregivers. The concept of frame is employed as an analytical tool for organising the material. The study reconstructs a comprehensive interspecies family frame, understood as a reinterpretation of the general family frame and as evidence of broader sociocultural changes in attitudes toward pets. The analysed texts document a shift from a dominionistic to a humanistic perspective on human–animal relationships; however, this shift is achieved through anthropocentric conceptual categories and the corresponding vocabulary.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Marta Falkowska, Marta Chojnacka-Kuraś https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Tekst i jego miejsce w badaniach językoznawczych
TEXT AND ITS PLACE IN LINGUISTIC RESEARCH The aim of this article is to attempt to justify the concept of a text as the product of the author’s linguistic, semantic, syntactic and pragmatic actions in such a way as to ensure coherent and comprehensible reception by the intended recipient. Text comprehension is facilitated by cognitive-pragmalinguistic mechanisms, adapted to the conditions of the process of text creation and understanding, which constitute a kind of strategy and cultural, genre-related, communicative and ideological norms accompanying the processes of text encoding and decoding. I refer to these as discourse. It is worth to analyse textological (or, more broadly, communicative) issues from three perspectives: the text as a product, an utterance (a communicative event), and a discourse, i. e. a cognitive process of text creation and comprehension. In this article I present the most important issues in text research, starting from 1970s. I highlight changes in the methodology of this research, from so-called text grammar to discourse theory. I am convinced that it is possible to continue textological research by combining older approaches of structuralist origins with new trends that emerged in the late 1980s and are described as the cognitive turn in discourse theory.
struktura semantyczna i gramatyczna tekstu
dyskurs jako proces pragmalingwistyczny i kognitywny
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Janina Labocha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Futryniarze, kościelniki, sienne goście... w tradycyjnej obrzędowości weselnej (na materiale gwar Lubelszczyzny)
FUTRYNIARZE, KOŚCIELNIKI, SIENNE GOŚCIE... IN TRADITIONAL WEDDING RITUALS (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE DIALECT OF THE LUBLIN REGION) The subject of the considerations are uninvited guests at a traditional country wedding, i.e. ‘a group of young men who were not invited, but came to dance and have refreshments'. The names recorded in the dialect of the Lublin region futryniarze, goście progowi, kościelne, kościelniaki, kościelnicy, kościelniki, nieproszone goście, obozowce, pasierby, postrona, postronne goście, przydany, sienne, sienne goście, surowce, sybiraki, wieczorowe, zaporożcy, zawiślaki, are part of wedding customs as one of the important elements of the traditional rite of passage and folk conceptualization of the world. Values anchored in community, hospitality, the need to be together, bringing good wishes, conveying goodness and sharing it are profiled due to time, place and the relationship between self and stranger. The material basis is the statements of the inhabitants of the villages of the Lublin region.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Halina Pelcowa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
W sprawie etymologii pol. róg, scs. rogъ, lit. rãgas, łot. rags, stpr. ragis ‘róg’
ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF POLISH ROG, OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC ROGЪ, LITHUANIAN RÃGAS, LATVIAN RAGS, OLD PRUSSIAN RAGIS ‘HORN’ The article offers an analysis and evaluation of etymological hypotheses concerning Proto-Balto-Slavic *ragas ‘horn’ (> Polish róg, Old Church Slavonic rogъ, Lithuanian rãgas, Latvian rags, Old Prussian ragis). The most probable – though not flawless – suggestion is considered to be August Fick’s hypothesis deriving the word from PIE. *(h₂)regh- ‘to stick out’ or ‘to straighten (oneself)’. The hypotheses connecting Balto-Slavic form with PIE. *h₃reǵ- ‘to straighten’ (Alois Walde), *rek- ‘to rise; pole’ (Walde), *u̯ reh₂ǵh- ‘thorn, tip, stalk’ (Vasily Abaev), *u̯ reh₁ǵ- ‘to break, crack’ (Alexander Shaposhnikov), and *rog-o- ‘horn’ (Vladislav Illich-Svitych) are assessed as less probable for various reasons, primarily formal: the absence of the lengthening expected under Winter’s law, the problem of the palatality of the stop, the irregular loss of initial *u̯ -, the irregular development of *-r̥ - to *-ra-, and the unexpected development of resonants. In some cases these problems could potentially be overcome, but only at the cost of additional assumptions, such as the existence of Proto-Indo-European alternations *gh : *g or *ǵh : *gh.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Kamil Pawlicki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rola słowników opracowanych przez autochtonów w dokumentacji leksyki gwarowej
THE ROLE OF DICTIONARIES DEVELOPED BY AUTOCHTHONOUS AUTHORS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE DIALECTAL LEXIS The documentation of dialectal vocabulary is an urgent task in view of the rapid disappearance of dialects or their evolution. That is why it is so important to develop dictionaries of dialects that have not been described lexicographically so far. Regional and local dialectal dictionaries, apart from documentation and scientific purposes, also play an important role in the region, in cultural activities undertaken and in maintaining the awareness of regional distinctiveness. They are an important determinant of this regional and local awareness, a sign of emotional ties connecting the inhabitants of a region or one town. A special role in the Polish dialect lexicography is played by autochthonous authors, both linguists, dialectologists and amateurs. It is them, knowing the native dialect and its users well, who can obtain valuable and rare lexical material for scientific research. The article, based on selected examples, discusses the role of dictionaries developed by indigenous peoples, it also indicates the reasons why these dictionaries are so valuable for dialectology.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rzeczownikowe złożenia z członem elektro- we współczesnej polszczyźnie
NOUN COMPOUNDS WITH THE DECOMPOSED ROOT ELECTRO- The subject of the article is situated within the idiographic, microlinguistic, structuralist and synchronic linguistics. It is part of the ongoing research on Polish compounds with different decomposed roots. It complements the literature on the subject which has already analysed formations with segments: cyber-, e-, eko-, ero-, euro-, info-, kato-, korona-, mega-, narko-, pato-, top-, as well as -fon, -gate, -holik and -mat, with a structuralist description of noun compounds with the decomposed root electro- ‘electric, connected with electricity’ existing in contemporary Polish. Excerpted from dictionaries of the Polish language and dictionaries of foreign words, 95 lexical units of this type were paraphrased in it, and then divided according to the number and status of their members, the type of affix used, their categorical and lexical meaning, and the scope of use. According to the results of the study of two-part formations, constructions with formal-semantic divisibility, disintegral-interfix structures, names of abstract sciences, components of the thematic sphere, and the lexical field and subfield human as a psychic entity – human intellectual activity – scientific activity and scientific terms, predominate in the material.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Mateusz Rybarski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analiza porównawcza wybranych nazw gatunków alkoholu w języku polskim i serbskim
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TERMS REGARDING LIQUOR IN POLISH AND SERBIAN LANGUAGE The aim of this paper is to discuss linguistic and cultural similarities and differences regarding selected terms associated with alcohol in Polish and Serbian language. The sources from which the language material was gathered included monolingual dictionaries, supplemented by the vocabulary from a Polish-Serbian dictionary, and compared in terms of etymology, semantic and pragmatical aspects. The comparison of Polish and Serbian linguistic material showed symmetry or lack thereof, as well as how two very closely related Slavic nations perceive reality, which lead to showing what still connects Western and Southern Slavs as well as where the differences between them lie.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Jelisaveta Vlajković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Czasownik knysić i jego derywaty prefiksalne w gwarze okolic Biecza na Pogórzu na tle innych gwar
THE VERB KNYSIĆ AND ITS PREFIX DERIVATIVES IN THE DIALECT OF THE BIECZ AREA IN PODGÓRZE IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER DIALECTS The aim of this article is to present the ambiguous verb knysić meaning i. a. ‘to mix’, ‘to knead, knead, mix, knead (mainly dough)’ and prefixal formations, such as naknysić, poknysić, sknysić, uknysić, wyknysić, zaknysić functioning in the Bugaj dialect of the Pogórze region (Gorlice district) in comparison with other dialects. This verb in other Lesser Poland dialects shows a high variance, cf. e.g. knysić/knycić/knychcić/klęsić/knysać/knyszać kniysać/kmysać/klysać/kłysać/knychać/knytać/ knysać/klęsać. The author of the article discusses the state of documentation of the studied words, their variants, meanings, and territorial range. An existing etymological hypothesis is also presented; however, a discussion of the etymology of this verb, unclear as to its genesis, requires further research, taking into account not only other common words and proper names containing the same or formally similar root (e.g. nouns knys, knysz, local names of the Knyszyn type, personal names, e.g. Knysz, Knyszka), but also a non-Slavic background. However, the data presented in the article may provide important arguments for the etymologisation of the verb in question.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Halina Karaś https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Przykłady jednowyrazowych jednostek zapożyczonych w języku radzieckiej prasy polskojęzycznej (na materiale „Głosu Radzieckiego” z 1939 r.)
EXAMPLES OF ONE-WORD BORROWED UNITS IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE SOVIET PRESS (BASED ON “GŁOS RADZIECKI” 1939) The paper presents examples of one-word borrowed units taken from the Soviet newspaper “Głos Radziecki” [Soviet Voice] from 1939. The author analysed lexemes which are loanwords from the East Slavic languages and units with foreign etymology which were adapted to Ukrainian and Russian languages and then penetrated into the Polish language of Soviet press. The examples were divided into three groups: formal-semantic borrowings, semantic and structural calques. They are given along with lexicographical descriptions and examples of using. For the comparative analysis the author used dictionaries of the Polish, Ukrainian and Russian languages, as well as historical lexicons.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Daria Ławrynow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Śladami polskiej emigracji w Brazylii. Przyczyny i znaczenie badań nad brazylijską prasą polonijną
TRACING POLISH EMIGRATION IN BRAZIL: CAUSES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE BRAZILIAN POLISH-LANGUAGE PRESS The analysis of the research on Polish linguistic traces in Brazil reveals a predominance of studies focused on spoken Polish in Brazil. In contrast, Brazilian polonica, both in terms of their content and linguistic form, remain a less explored research area. The linguistic and cultural material found in over a hundred periodicals published in Polish in the late 19th and 20th centuries represents a largely unexplored source of knowledge about the history of Polish immigrants and their descendants in Brazil. Press materials can serve as a valuable resource for studying both the linguistic practices of Polish immigrants on various levels and their language ideologies and beliefs. The aim of this article is to preliminarily define the object of research along with an explanation of the rationale that prompted us to take up the subject of the Polish press in Brazil. Its overview will be preceded by a discussion of the state of research and presentation of the literature on the subject.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Michał Szczyszek, Alicja Goczyła Ferreira, Agnieszka Piotrowska-Wojaczyk, Zuzanna Przybysz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Trójwymiarowa etniczna mapa Mińszczyzny w antroponimach literackich Sergiusza Piaseckiego
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ETHNIC MAP OF THE MINSKLAND IN THE LITERARY ANTHROPONYMS OF SERGIUSZ PIASECKI The article attempts to characterise S. Piasecki’s literary vision of the multiethnic world of the Polish- Belarusian borderland in the interwar period. For this purpose, an analysis of anthroponyms from his novel “Kochanek Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy” (The Lover of Ursa Major) was conducted. The novel’s surnames, first names and ethnonyms were treated as deixis that allow for indicating ethnic areas on the world map of the novel and for establishing their valuation. The conclusions concern Piasecki’s writing practice which involves, on the one hand, using novel onomastics to mark ethnic areas, but, on the other hand, blurring their boundaries in favour of constructing areas of social, ideological and ethical strangeness and familiarity.
funkcja deiktyczna nazw osobowych w powieści
zróżnicowanie narodowościowe pogranicza polsko-białoruskiego w pierwszej połowie XX w.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Aleksandra Niewiara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna. Czym było dawne się?
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF OLD POLISH LANGUAGE AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION. WHAT THE OLD POLISH SIĘ WAS? The article concerns to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. It discusses the problem with the annotation of the textual word się (also sie and si). Linguists tend to disagree with the thesis that się belonged to a specific grammatical class. Also, historical dictionaries and corpora of Polish have not been helpful in annotating it. Difficulties resulted mainly from the fact that the Old Polish era was the time of crystallization of this word’s syntactic and morphological functions which were difficult to distinguish in many particular uses. In this paper we describe the process that led us to the creation of the class grammaticalized SIĘ (się as an exponent of certain grammatical information: a word-forming morpheme, an exponent of reflexivity, passivity or impersonality) and the adoption of two possibilities for annotating się (also as a personal pronoun).
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Olga Ziółkowska, Aleksandra Deskur, Ewa Nowak-Pasterska, Dorota Rojszczak-Robińska, Magdalena Wismont, Kinga Zalejarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HISTORY OF THE WORD POSŁANKA IN POLISH The subject of the article is the occurrence of the word posłanka [female member of parliament] in Polish, referring to a member of the lower house of parliament. The sources used in the study are primarily Polish dictionaries and corpora, including the Corpus of Parliamentary Discourse and the National Corpus of the Polish Language. The discussion on the nomination of women in parliament in the pages of “Poradnik Językowy” (“Linguistuic Manual”), an interwar periodical dedicated to the culture of language, was also examined. The need to create a name for a woman holding an office in the parliament of deputy was a consequence of her obtaining the right to run for the office, which occurred in 1918 by decree of the Polish president. The records of the proceedings of the Parliament of the Second Polish Republic confirm the presence of the name posłanka, the frequency of which gradually increased from the first mention in 1922 to 120 appearances in the 3rd term. The term posłanka also has numerous confirmations from the sessions of the Parliament of the Polish People’s Republic but, due to the low rank and limited decision-making power of this institution, it disappeared from public use. Its presence in the 1980s is not recorded in the National Corpus of the Polish Language. It returned in the 1990s with the opinion of a neologism and a deprecating name.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ewa Woźniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Wojna rosyjsko-ukraińska w polskim dyskursie politycznym na Twitterze – metody ilościowej analizy treści
RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR IN POLISH POLITICAL DISCOURSE ON TWITTER – METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS This article explores the use of quantitative methods in analysing political discourse on social media. The study focuses on tweets published by official political party accounts on Twitter during the first six months following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The primary objective was to identify the main topics, discourse actors, and values present in political messages related to the armed conflict, as well as to reconstruct the structure and dynamics of the discourse. The analysis included a combination of quantitative techniques, including frequency analysis, named entity recognition, topic modelling with the LDA algorithm, and semantic analysis based on a large language model (LLM). This methodological approach allowed for the identification of dominant themes and their evolution over time, offering deeper insights into the complexity of the discourse. The study serves as an example of how natural language processing (NLP) tools can be applied to the analysis of contemporary political communication.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Rafał Mazur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Słownictwo XXI-wieczne w Wielkim słowniku języka polskiego PAN – zasób i charakterystyka ogólna
21ST CENTURY VOCABULARY IN THE GREAT DICTIONARY OF POLISH BY THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES – RESOURCES AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS The aim of this article is to present the Great Dictionary of Polish published by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) (Polish: Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN) as a potential source for the research on the latest Polish lexis (i. e., lexis that has been documented in text and corpora sources since 2001). First, the author briefly discusses the principles and course of work on introducing chronological information into the dictionary; then the author shows how the user of the dictionary can, using the search tool according to the Chronologization field, independently access the necessary sets of entries with selected (not only 21st-century) dating characteristics. The main part of the text is the presentation of the general (primarily numerical) characteristics of 21st-century lexical material according to grammatical criteria (part of speech, word-formation structure), semantic (in relation to the thematic classification used in the dictionary), stylistic and etymological criteria (language of origin of borrowings).
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Piotr Żmigrodzki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE POLISH ADJECTIVE OSTATNI ‘THE LAST’ The word ostatni ‘the last’ is one of the ordinal adjectives in contemporary Polish. The unit in question occurs primarily in anteposition to the noun forming nominal phrase. The adjective ostatni is a lexical exponent of the notion of sequence which implies a succession of many (at least three) states of affairs. The unit under discussion is used occasionally but it is monosemic independently of the function performed in a sentence. The adjective ostatni can function as an attribute of the noun, as a predicative expression in basic predicative expression, and as a non-basic predicative expression in a given simple sentence. The unit mentioned above belongs to systemically intratextual adjectives.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Maciej Grochowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Raz jeszcze o liczbie i formach jej reprezentacji symbolicznej
ONCE AGAIN ON A NUMBER AND FORMS OF ITS SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION The author of this article analyses the multidimensional concept of a number and its symbolic representations, with particular emphasis on the graphic form (digit) in contemporary communication. It considers the universality of a number, its relation to the category of quantity, as well as its functions – quantifying, ordinal, identifying, and axiological ones. The text examines the symbolic meanings of numbers and their cultural interpretations. It analyses the role of digits in communication as carriers of additional meanings and elements that enrich the text visually. Attention is also drawn to the dualistic nature of a number, which, detached from the interpreting person and context, is a pure abstraction.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ewa Konefał https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
NEGATION AND PRAGMATICS: USE OF THE NEGATION OPERATOR ‘NOT’ IN PERFORMATIVE STATEMENTS The article concerns the pragmatic aspects of negation. Being aware of the fact that negation is a characteristic element of the entire set of speech acts, such as disagreement, opposition, counterargument, objection, complaint, etc., the author aims to determine to what extent this pragmatic character of negation is direct or indirect. Negation is a category of functional words the sphere of application of which is the assertive part of the sentence, i. e. semantic information. Performative verbs cannot be negated due to their status as physical entities, i. e., individual speech acts fulfilled at a specific time and place. Therefore, in the structure of speech acts, negation occurs mostly in the assertive part, and the negative semantic content contributes to the modification of the illocutionary function. As a result, syncretic and indirect speech acts are created. The negation operator is also added to performative verbs that stand in opposition to complementary antonyms (I let | I don’t let). Thus, the “not” operator functions as an element of the names of actions that are alternative to their affirmative counterparts.
negacja, pragmatyka, asercja, illokucja, akt mowy, dyskurs konwersacyjny
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Aleksander Kiklewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ojczyzna, ale jaka? Profilowanie konceptu OJCZYZNY w polskich dyskursach publicznych
HOMELAND, BUT WHAT KIND? PROFILING THE CONCEPT OF HOMELAND IN POLISH PUBLIC DISCOURSES The structure of the homeland concept includes permanent (nuclear) and variable components, conditioned by subjective factors and a broad social, political and cultural context. Homeland, being an ideologized concept and saturated with emotions, because it remains in a network of numerous connections and entanglements – with the nation, history, tradition, religion, language, land of the fathers and the memory of ancestors – is sometimes used by politicians and ideologists as a tool for propaganda or campaign and election purposes. The article analyses the profiling of the concept of homeland in five public discourses: 1) Catholic (in its variants: institutional-Church, liberal-Catholic, national-Catholic), 2) liberal-democratic, 3) national-right, 4) left-wing, 5) anarchist, radical liberal. The profiles of homeland are dynamic in them – they oscillate between three situations: real (underlying the concept is a modal judgment: the homeland as it is), desirable (the homeland as it should be) and possible (the homeland as it can be).
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Zmiany w stosowaniu przyimków z nazwą Ukraina na podstawie danych korpusowych
CHANGES IN THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS WITH THE NAME UKRAINE IN POLISH: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY The Russian attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 initiated a change of preference for the new syntax w Ukrainie/do Ukrainy in the place of the old and significantly more common na Ukrainie/na Ukrainę. The change was confirmed in the MoncoPL corpus. Over a period of 3 years, the corpus data showed a strengthening position of the new syntax. However, the conducted research confirmed the existence of editorial policies on the use of prepositions with the name Ukraine with some publishers. This fact may have influenced the obtained results, as the corpus material is based on edited texts. The linguistic data extracted from unedited source (posts on portal X) confirm the initial growth of uses with the syntax w Ukrainie, but do not confirm the upward trend of this change. It is, therefore, not possible to conclude that there has been a change with respect to the use of prepositions with the name Ukraine, and future research should also take into account unedited sources.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Michał Bartłomiej Citko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0