Wybijanie się Afryki na podmiotowość w stosunkach międzynarodowych
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.22.2025.96.1.06Słowa kluczowe:
Afryka, sprawczość, Haiti, ONZ, BRICSAbstrakt
AFRICA’S GROWING GLOBAL AGENCY
Although signs of increasing African engagement in global affairs were already evident, the prevailing colloquial, media and expert discourse made them difficult to discern. The year 2023 may prove to be a breakthrough in this regard, bringing an unprecedented build-up of African initiatives, prominent among which were those addressing the most high-profile current crises: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, gang terror in Haiti and Israel’s condemnable methods of conducting a military operation in Gaza. In this way, Africa’s entry into the ranks of those taking – on behalf of themselves and the international community – out-of-the-box action to find solutions not only signals but normalises a shift in Africa’s relationship to the rest of the world. It is also symptomatic of a shift in African leaders’ thinking about the state, the world and responsibility. The effects of the spectacular actions taken in 2023 are uncertain – in many cases their authors lack the resources, experience and determination, and sometimes the objective weight in international relations, to bring them to a successful conclusion. Failure and criticism will have a depressing effect. However, this does not change the fact that they are part of a new trend from which there will be no turning back.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
1,000 Days After School Ban, Afghan Girls Defy Odds and Thrive in Rwanda, International Organization for Migrations, 14 VI 2024, [online] https://www.iom.int/news/1000-days-after-school-ban-afghan-girls-defy-odds-and-thrive-rwanda.
View in Google Scholar
Adebajo A., Mustapha A.R., Gulliver’s Troubles: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Scottsville 2008.
View in Google Scholar
African Union Pavillon, Expo 2020 Dubai UAE, [online] https://virtualexpodubai.com/opportunity-district/african-union.
View in Google Scholar
Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Final Edition, African Union Commission 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Overview, [online] https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview.
View in Google Scholar
Amegan C.K., Degila D.E., Senegal: A New West African Leader in a Globalized World?, [w:] Diplomatic Strategies of Nations in the Global South, red. J. Braveboy-Wagner, New York, NY 2016, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45226-9_14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45226-9_14
View in Google Scholar
Application Instituting Proceedings, załącznik D: Expressions of Genocidal Intent Against the Palestinian People by Israeli State Officials and Others.
View in Google Scholar
China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals, The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, November 2021, [online] http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/26/c_1310333813.htm.
View in Google Scholar
Czerep J., Afryka a przyszłość Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego, „Biuletyn PISM” 2018, nr 51(1624), [online] https://pism.pl/publikacje/Afryka_a_przysz_o___Mi_dzynarodowego_Trybuna_u_Karnego.
View in Google Scholar
Czerep J., Newest Wave of Middle Eastern Emigration to Africa, „PISM Strategic File” 2021, nr 7(99), Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, [online] https://www.pism.pl/publications/newest-wave-of-middle-eastern-emigration-to-africa.
View in Google Scholar
Czerep J., Znaczenie afrykańskiej misji do Ukrainy i Rosji, „Biuletyn PISM” 2023, nr 82, [online] https://www.pism.pl/publikacje/znaczenie-afrykanskiej-misji-do-ukrainy-i-rosji.
View in Google Scholar
Developed Countries Materially Surpassed Their USD 100 Billion Climate Finance Commitment in 2022 – OECD, OECD press release, 29 V 2024, [online] https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/05/developed-countries-materially-surpassed-their-usd-100-billion-climate-finance-commitment-in-2022-oecd.html.
View in Google Scholar
Dress B., US-Backed Mission in Haiti Struggles to Take on Gang Violence, „The Hill” 2024, 18 VIII, [online] https://thehill.com/policy/international/4831943-us-mission-haiti-gang-violence/.
View in Google Scholar
Dzierżanowski P., Perspektywy utrzymania pozycji waluty globalnej przez dolara amerykańskiego, „Biuletyn PISM” 2024, nr 23, [online] https://www.pism.pl/publikacje/perspektywyutrzymania-pozycji-waluty-globalnej-przez-dolara-amerykanskiego.
View in Google Scholar
Europe and Africa: A Partnership of Equals, European Union External Action Service, 22 XI 2021, [online] https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/36031_en.
View in Google Scholar
Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Sudan, S/2024/65, 15 I 2024.
View in Google Scholar
Jensen L., Roniger J., International Climate Finance Status Quo, Challenges and Policy Perspectives, European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 754.616 – November 2023.
View in Google Scholar
Kimani M., wpis w serwisie „X” (Twitter), 25 I 2024, [online] https://x.com/ambmkimani/status/1750623480591339861.
View in Google Scholar
Kings S., Africa Is Finally at the Climate Negotiations Table, „The Continent” 2023, nr 144, s. 11.
View in Google Scholar
Letter dated 7 March 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2024/224.
View in Google Scholar
Mballa C., Vers une politique étrangère africaine commune? Opportunités et contraintes, „Revue Interventions économiques”, Mars 2017, https://doi.org/10.4000/interventionseco nomiques.5825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/interventionseconomiques.5825
View in Google Scholar
Memorandum on the Designation of Kenya as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Presidential Determination No. 2024-05, 24 VI 2024, [online] https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/06/24/memorandum-on-the-designationof-kenya-as-a-major-non-nato-ally/.
View in Google Scholar
Meattle C. i in., Landscape of Climate Finance in Africa, Climate Policy Initiative, September 2022.
View in Google Scholar
More Cops Will Be Sent but Cash Is Needed, „Africa Confidential” 2024, 15 X, [online] https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/15187/more-cops-will-be-sent-but-cash-is-needed.
View in Google Scholar
Munyati C., Why Strong Regional Value Chains Will Be Vital to the Next Chapter of China and Africa’s Economic Relationship, World Economic Forum, 25 VI 2024, [online] https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/06/why-strong-regional-value-chains-will-be-vital-to-thenext-chapter-of-china-and-africas-economic-relationship/.
View in Google Scholar
Mwijuke G., Minister Says Afghans in Uganda to Stay Longer, „The East African” 2021, 20 XI, [online] https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/minister-saysafghans-in-uganda-to-stay-longer-3625192.
View in Google Scholar
Nashed M., Sudan’s Hemedti Embraced Abroad as He Terrorises Civilians at Home, „Al Jazeera” 2024, 24 I, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/24/sudans-hemedtiembraced-abroad-as-he-terrorises-civilians-back-home.
View in Google Scholar
Palestinians Gather in Ramallah’s Mandela Square to Thank South Africa for ICJ Case, „Africanews” 2024, 10 I, [online] https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/10/palestinians-gatherin-ramallahs-mandela-square-to-thank-south-africa-for-icj-case/.
View in Google Scholar
Pecquet J., Africa Scores UN Win Against Corporate Tax Avoidance, „The Africa Report” 2023, 23 XI, [online] https://www.theafricareport.com/328816/africa-scores-un-winagainst-corporate-tax-avoidance/.
View in Google Scholar
Resolution 2699 (2023), adopted by the Security Council at its 9430th meeting, on 2 October 2023.
View in Google Scholar
Rio D. da, analiza opublikowana w serwisie „X” (Twitter), 27 IX 2024, [online] https://x.com/diego_darin/status/1839444744524714181.
View in Google Scholar
Roelf W., Sterling T., South Africa Files Genocide Case Against Israel at World Court, Reuters, 30 XII 2023, [online] https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-internationalcourt-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/.
View in Google Scholar
Rupiah K., Africa Leads the Rewrite of Global Tax Regulations, „The Continent” 2023, nr 143.
View in Google Scholar
Sall M., The Inclusion of the African Union in the G20 Would Benefit the Entire World, „Le Monde” 2022, 21 VII, [online] https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/07/21/macky-sall-the-inclusion-of-the-african-union-in-the-g20-would-benefit-the-entire-world_5990907_23.html.
View in Google Scholar
South African Presidency Sparks Controversy with Misidentification of RSF Leader, „Sudan Tribune” 2023, 4 I, [online] https://sudantribune.com/article281007/.
View in Google Scholar
Suri N., Tripathi J., The World Should Welcome the New Kids on the Bloc, [w:] The BRICS Summit 2023: Seeking an Alternate World Order?, Council of Councils, 31 VIII 2023, [online] https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global-memos/brics-summit-2023-seeking-alternate-world-order.
View in Google Scholar
The African Leaders Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action, Nairobi, 6 IX 2023.
View in Google Scholar
The Common African Position on the Proposed Reform of the United Nations: “The Ezulwini Consensus”, Executive Council, 7th Extraordinary Session, 7-8 March 2005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ext/EX.CL/2 (VII).
View in Google Scholar
Titeca K., DRC Protests: Expert Explains Why Congolese Anger Against the West Is Justified – and Useful to the Government, „The Conversation” 2024, 19 II, [online] https://theconversation.com/drc-protests-expert-explains-why-congolese-anger-against-the-west-isjustified-and-useful-to-the-government-223827.
View in Google Scholar
US Strategy Towards Sub-Saharan Africa, The White House, August 2022.
View in Google Scholar
Yayboke E., Devermont J., Why African Governments Are Accepting Afghan Refugees, Lawfare, 16 IX 2021, [online] https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/why-african-governments-areaccepting-afghan-refugees.
View in Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
