Fenomen Netanjahu. Analiza wybranych aspektów orientacji wojennej Benjamina Netanjahu w izraelskiej i zachodniej debacie publicznej po 7 października 2023 r.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.23.2026.103.10Słowa kluczowe:
Benjamin Netanjahu, wojna w Strefie Gazy, populizm, Izrael, debata publicznaAbstrakt
THE NETANYAHU PHENOMENON: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF BENJAMIN NETANYAHU’S WAR-ORIENTED STANCE IN ISRAELI AND WESTERN PUBLIC DISCOURSE AFTER OCTOBER 7, 2023
This article explores the Israeli Prime Minister’s orientation toward the use of force. The first objective is to examine how Benjamin Netanyahu’s stance and actions have been received in public discourse following the events of October 7, 2023. I investigate the personal traits, decisions, and surrounding circumstances that contribute to Netanyahu’s militaristic orientation. The second aim is to assess the extent to which Netanyahu has engaged in actual violence-based policies. These actions are analyzed through the lens of existing research literature on the populist strategies employed by Netanyahu and his government. By treating the figure and decisions of the Prime Minister as part of a broader, ongoing political project directed toward Palestinians, the article revisits the repeatedly examined issue of the legitimization of violence within the Israeli system of power.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Aronoff Y.S., Benjamin Netanyahu: Battling the World, [w:] Y.S. Aronoff, The Political Psychology of Israeli Prime Ministers: When Hard-Liners Opt for Peace, Cambridge 2014, s. 43-77.
View in Google Scholar
Benn A., Trump and Netanyahu Herald the End of History, but in Reverse, „Haaretz”, 4 III 2025, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-03-04/ty-article-opinion/.premium/trumpand-netanyahu-heraldthe-end-of-history-but-in-reverse/00000195-5dbc-dac6-a997-dffd265d0000.
View in Google Scholar
Bishara M., Is Netanyahu Good for the Palestinians?, „Al Jazeera”, 27 VII 2023, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/7/27/is-netanyahu-good-for-the-palestinians.
View in Google Scholar
Business Insider, Masowe protesty w Tel Awiwie. Tłumy nie chcą wojny i Netanjahu, 19 III 2025, [online] https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/tel-awiw-tysiace-protestuja-przeciwdecyzji-netanjahu-w-sprawie-gazy/jsl1rvk, 20 III 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Butler J., Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable?, London–New York 2009.
View in Google Scholar
Cichecka J., Populizm – niejednoznaczny fenomen. Zestawienie perspektyw teoretycznych, „Politeja” 2018, nr 4, s. 5-19, https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.15.2018.55.01.
View in Google Scholar
The Elections in Israel 1996, red. A. Arian, M. Shamir, New York 1999.
View in Google Scholar
Fishman L., Is Israel Already Turning Into Authoritarian Erdogan’s Turkey?, „Haaretz”, 23 I 2023, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-01-23/ty-article-opinion/.premium/is-israel-already-turning-into-erdogans-turkey/00000185-ddc0-d294-adaf-ddeaa6e50000.
View in Google Scholar
Freeden M., Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach, Oxford 1996.
View in Google Scholar
Glazer H., Mashiach I., ‘Systematic Witch Hunt:’ What Persecution of Arab-Israelis Looks Like Amid Gaza War, „Haaretz”, 2 XI 2023, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-02/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/systematic-witch-hunt-what-persecution-of-israeli-arabs-looks-like-amid-gaza-war/0000018b-90db-db7e-af9b-fbdb254e0000.
View in Google Scholar
Gonen Y., Like Every Populist Government, Israel’s Evades Responsibility by Denying Reality, „Haaretz”, 23 VI 2024, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-06-23/ty-article-opinion/.premium/like-every-populist-government-israels-evades-responsibility-bydenying-reality/00000190-410d-d91c-abba-ef1db4270000.
View in Google Scholar
Gordon N., Israel’s Occupation, Berkeley 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Haaretz Editorial, Israel’s Authoritarian Government Wants to Politically Purge Israeli Academia, „Haaretz”, 8 XII 2024, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2024-
View in Google Scholar
12-08/ty-article/israels-authoritarian-government-wants-to-politically-purge-israeliacademia/00000193-a2bc-d6c1-a5fb-f7fec4e10000.
View in Google Scholar
Issacharoff D., Israel’s Lost Taboo: How Netanyahu’s Party Is Officially Embracing Europe’s Far-right Extremists, „Haaretz”, 17 III 2025, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-03-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israels-lost-taboo-how-netanyahus-party-isembracing-europes-far-right-extremists/00000195-9e70-d865-ad95-9f7df0170000.
View in Google Scholar
Jerusalem Post Staff, Netanyahu Doubles Down on War Policy, Trump’s Gaza Plan in Speech to Knesset, „The Jerusalem Post”, 10 II 2025, [online] https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-841497.
View in Google Scholar
Kampka A., Debata publiczna. Zmiany społecznych norm komunikacji, Warszawa 2024.
View in Google Scholar
Kimhi Sh., The Psychological Profile of Benjamin Netanyahu Using Behavior Analysis, [w:] Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior, red. O. Feldman, L.O. Valenty, Connecticut 2001, s. 149-164 [korzystano z wersji dostępnej online: Sh. Kimhi, The Psychological Profile of Benjamin Netanyahu Using Behavior Analysis, [online] https://www.al-monitor.com/sites/default/files/documents/2016/kimhi_personality_article_netanyahu_israel.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Large and Increasing Majority of Israelis Prioritize Bringing Hostages Home Over Toppling Hamas, The Israel Democracy Institute, 10 IV 2025, [online] https://en.idi.org.il/articles/59019.
View in Google Scholar
A Large Majority of Israelis Support Proceeding to the Second Stage of the Ceasefire Agreement, The Israel Democracy Institute, 9 II 2025, [online] https://en.idi.org.il/articles/58114.
View in Google Scholar
Leifer J., The Netanyahu Doctrine: How Israel’s Longest-Serving Leader Reshaped the Country in His Image, „The Guardian”, 21 XI 2023, [online] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/21/the-netanyahu-doctrine-how-israels-longest-serving-leader-reshapedthe-country-in-his-image, 26 III 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Leslie J.G., Netanyahu’s Populism: An Overlooked Explanation for Israeli Foreign Policy, „SAIS Review” 2017, vol. 37, no. 1.
View in Google Scholar
Lipiński A., W poszukiwaniu ontologii populizmu – dylematy definicyjne, „Przegląd Politologiczny” 2020, nr 1, s. 135-136, https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2020.25.1.10.
View in Google Scholar
Majority of Israelis Think PM Netanyahu Should Accept Responsibility for Oct 7 and Resign – Now or After the War, The Israel Democracy Institute, 9 III 2025, [online] https://en.idi.org.il/articles/58648.
View in Google Scholar
Maor M., Hazan R.Y., Parties, Elections and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective, „Israel Affairs” 1999, vol. 6, no. 2, s. 1-17.
View in Google Scholar
Masowe protesty w Tel Awiwie. Tłumy nie chcą wojny i Netanjahu, Business Insider, 19 III 2025, [online] https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/tel-awiw-tysiace-protestuja-przeciwdecyzji-netanjahu-w-sprawie-gazy/jsl1rvk.
View in Google Scholar
Matusiak M., Izrael to ja: ego i ideologia to klucz do Beniamina Netanjahu, „Tygodnik Powszechny”, 3 XII 2024, [online] https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/izrael-ja-ego-i-ideologia-klucz-do-beniamina-netanjahu-189095?check_logged_in=1.
View in Google Scholar
McDonagh B., Netanyahu and Musk Are Different Types of Narcissists, Both Foolish and Bad for the World, „The Journal”, 19 X 2024, [online] https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/musk-and-netanyahu-6517628-Oct2024/.
View in Google Scholar
Melman Y., Netanyahu’s Narcissism, „The Jerusalem Post”, 29 III 2019, [online] https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Netanyahus-narcissism-584857.
View in Google Scholar
Miedwiediew S., Powrót rosyjskiego Lewiatana, przeł. H. Pustuła-Lewicka, Wołowiec 2020.
View in Google Scholar
Miedwiediew S., Wojna „made in Russia”, przeł. H. Pustuła-Lewicka, Warszawa 2024.
View in Google Scholar
Mirbach P., Netanyahu’s Narcissism and the Messiah Complex, „The Times of Israel”, 10 X 2022, [online] https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/netanyahus-narcissism-and-the-messiah-complex.
View in Google Scholar
Misgav U., Narcissistic Netanyahu Casts Himself as God’s Messenger and Israel’s Savior, „Haaretz”, 27 VI 2024, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-06-27/ty-article-opinion/.premium/narcissistic-netanyahu-casts-himself-as-gods-messenger-and-israelssavior/00000190-55e8-de5e-abd0-fffa875d0000.
View in Google Scholar
von Mittelstaedt J., Schröder Th., How the Self-Styled Savior of Israel is Leading His Country into Ruin, „The Spiegel International”, 4 XII 2024, [online] https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-netanyahu-system-how-the-israeli-prime-minister-is-leading-his-countryinto-the-abyss-a-97a68da1-e3cf-443d-a8b5-0684723ca0b6.
View in Google Scholar
Netanjahu B., A Place among the Nations: Israel and the World, New York 1993.
View in Google Scholar
Osuna J.J.O., Burton G., Populism at the UN: Comparing Netanyahu’s and Abbas’s Speeches, 2010-19, „British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies” 2024, vol. 52, no. 3, s. 1-24, https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2024.2339885.
View in Google Scholar
Pappé I., The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oxford 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Pawlicki J., Fenomen Netanjahu. „Dobrze, że Izraelczycy się obudzili, ale już jest chyba za późno”, „Newsweek. Polska”, 29 IV 2023, [online] https://www.newsweek.pl/swiat/zloty-bibi-w-ogrodzie-zla-reportaz-z-izraela/gxgn47e.
View in Google Scholar
Peretz S., How Is It Possible for Israel to Follow Netanyahu Back Into War?, „Haaretz”, 20 III 2025, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-03-20/ty-article-opinion/.premium/how-is-it-possible-for-israel-to-follow-netanyahu-back-into-war/00000195-afa9-debb-a5b5-affb2f200000, 20 III 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Pfeffer A., Bibi. Burzliwe życie i czasy Beniamina Netanjahu, przeł. A. Halbersztat, Katowice 2020.
View in Google Scholar
Rapoport M., The Israeli Army Is Facing Its Biggest Refusal Crisis in Decades, „+972”, 11 IV 2025, [online] https://www.972mag.com/israeli-army-refusal-crisis-gaza-war/.
View in Google Scholar
Raport na dziś, 5 III 2025, https://raportostanieswiata.pl/odcinki/raport-na-dzis-5-marca-2025/, 20 III 2025
View in Google Scholar
Raport na dziś, 2 X 2025, [online] https://raportostanieswiata.pl/odcinki/raport-na-dzis-2-pazdziernika-2024, 25 III 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Raport o stanie świata, 15 II 2025, [online] https://raportostanieswiata.pl/odcinki/raporto-stanie-swiata-15-lutego-2025, 25 III 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Raport o stanie świata, 22 II 2025, [online] https://raportostanieswiata.pl/odcinki/raporto-stanie-swiata-22-lutego-2025/, 19 III 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Raport o stanie świata, 22 III 2025, [online] https://raportostanieswiata.pl/odcinki/raporto-stanie-swiata-22-marca-2025/, 9 IV 2025.
View in Google Scholar
Rogenhofer J.M., Panievsky A., Antidemocratic Populism in Power: Comparing Erdoğan’s Turkey with Modi’s India and Netanyahu’s Israel, „Democratization” 2020, vol. 27, no. 8, s. 1394-1412, https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1795135.
View in Google Scholar
Sadecki A., Patrioci dla Europy: radykalna prawica pod egidą Orbána, Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, [online] https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2024-07-23/patriocidla-europy-radykalna-prawica-pod-egida-orbana.
View in Google Scholar
Shafir G., Zionism and Colonialism. A Comparative Approach, [w:] The Israel/Palestine Question: A Reader, red. I. Pappé, London–New York 2007.
View in Google Scholar
Shafir G., Sağnıç Ş.G., Politics of Hope and Populist Backlash: Kurds in Turkey and Palestinians in Israel, „British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies” 2024, vol. 51, no. 4, s. 730-753, https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2158064.
View in Google Scholar
Shimoni R., Yahia D.H., Hashmonai A., Israel Police Commissioner: ‘Those Who Identify with Gaza Can Be Escorted There on Buses’, „Haaretz”, 19 X 2023, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article/.premium/israel-police-commissioner-thosewho-identify-with-gaza-can-be-escorted-there-on-buses/0000018b-4735-df22-a5eb-4f7dca0c0000.
View in Google Scholar
Shamir M., Arian A., Collective Identity and Electoral Competition in Israel, „American Political Science Review” 1999, vol. 93, no. 2, s. 265-277, https://doi.org/10.2307/2585395.
View in Google Scholar
Shlaim A., The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World, New York 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Sokol S., ‘He Has No Strategy’: Liberman Says PM Placing Ego above National Interest, „The Times of Israel”, 11 XI 2024, [online] https://www.timesofisrael.com/he-has-no-strategy-liberman-says-pm-placing-ego-above-national-interest/.
View in Google Scholar
Stanley B., The Thin Ideology of Populism, „Journal of Political Ideologies” 2008, vol. 13, s. 102, [za:] M. Polakowski, Populizm jako krytyka idei i praktyki współczesnej reprezentacji politycznej. Prolegomena, „Polityka i Społeczeństwo” 2023, nr 4, s. 361-374, https://doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2023.4.24.
View in Google Scholar
Tamkin E., Is This Extremist Zionist Group Trying to Protect Israel – or Just Punish Left-wing Jews?, „The Forward”, 8 IV 2025, [online] https://forward.com/opinion/710932/zionist-extremists-betar-israel-left-wing-jews/.
View in Google Scholar
Tibon A., Protesters Are in the Streets to Stop Netanyahu’s Israel Becoming Like Erdogan’s Turkey, „Haaretz”, 19 III 2025, [online] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-03-19/ty-article/.premium/protesters-are-in-the-streets-to-stop-netanyahus-israel-becoming-likeerdogans-turkey/00000195-ae55-d860-a1bf-eff5b0110000.
View in Google Scholar
W Turcji wybuchają protesty. W Stambule wprowadzono zakaz zgromadzeń, Bankier.pl, 19 III 2025, [online] https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/W-Turcji-wybuchaja-protesty-W-Stambule-wprowadzono-zakaz-zgromadzen-8910602.html.
View in Google Scholar
Weinglass S., Israel’s Coalition System Is Crucial Check on Netanyahu’s Populism, Expert Says, „The Times of Israel”, 5 III 2019, [online] https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-coalition-system-is-crucial-check-on-netanyahus-populism-expert-says/.
View in Google Scholar
Weizman E., Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, London–New York 2007.
View in Google Scholar
Wielewska-Baka M., Na rozdrożu. Kryzys izraelskiej lewicy po 7 października 2023 roku, [w:] Usytuowania. Praktyki autorefleksji w XX- i XXI-wiecznym dyskursie humanistycznym w kontekście badań postzależnościowych, red. E. Kledzik, M. Zduniak, Kraków 2025, s. 275-290.
View in Google Scholar
Wielewska-Baka M., Besta T., Nawiązania do polskiego kryzysu demokracji w izraelskich mediach (wokół pytań o wspólne doświadczenia i wzajemne wyobrażenia), „Polityka i Społeczeństwo” 2024, t. 22, nr 2, s. 283-298, https://doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2024.2.20.
View in Google Scholar
Wojnarowicz M., Oskarżenia wobec premiera Benjamina Netanjahu, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, 22 XI 2019, [online] https://pism.pl/publikacje/Oskarzenia_wobec_premiera_Benjamina_Netanjahu_.
View in Google Scholar
Wojnarowicz M., Znaczenie izraelskiej ustawy o „państwie narodu żydowskiego”, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, 31 VII 2018, [online] https://www.pism.pl/publikacje/Znaczenie_izraelskiej_ustawy_o_panstwie_narodu_zydowskiego.
View in Google Scholar
Yiftachel O., Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine, Philadelphia 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Zagner A., Premier strachu. Beniamin Netanjahu, przywódca Izraela na cenzurowanym, „Polityka”, 12 VIII 2024, [online] https://www.polityka.pl/pomocnikhistoryczny/2266397,1,premier-strachu-beniamin-netanjahu-przywodca-izraela-na-cenzurowanym.read.
View in Google Scholar
Zedan R., Social Identity and Voting Behavior in a Deeply Divided Society: The Case of Israel, „Societies” 2024, vol. 14, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14090177.
View in Google Scholar
Zertal I., Naród i śmierć. Zagłada w dyskursie i polityce Izraela, przeł. J.M. Kłoczowski, Kraków 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
