Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie wobec konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego po 7 października 2023 roku
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.23.2026.104.13Słowa kluczowe:
Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie, Izrael, porozumienia Abrahamowe, kwestia palestyńska, realizm neoklasycznyAbstrakt
THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES’ APPROACH TO THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT AFTER OCTOBER 7, 2023
The aim of the article is to assess the effectiveness of the Abraham Accords in the war between Israel and Hamas, which escalated in October 2023. It was concluded that the Abraham Accords did not contribute to either stopping military operations in the ongoing war or ending it. The United Arab Emirates maintained diplomatic relations with Israel while simultaneously supporting the Palestinian cause. This policy was based on strategic calculations and rational decisions that reflected the UAE’s interests and capabilities, and perception of regional dynamics. The research method involved a case study of UAE-Israeli relations and tracking the UAE’s approach to engaging with the parties involved in the war. The author of the article analyzes events from October 2023 to January 2025 using mainly excerpts from speeches, official government statements, and the Abraham Accords. Neoclassical realism was chosen as the theoretical framework for the study, focusing on the state’s stance towards the war and relations with regional actors.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
The Abraham Accords Declaration, U.S. Department of State, Washington, IX 2020, [online] https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Abraham-Accords-signed-FINAL-15-Sept-2020-508-1.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel, U.S. Department of State, Washington, IX 2020, [online] https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/UAE_Israel-treaty-signed-FINAL-15-Sept-2020-508.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Adopting Resolution 2712 (2023), Security Council Calls for „Urgent and Extended” Humanitarian Pauses in Gaza, Immediate Release of Hostages, United Nations, 15 XI 2023, [online] https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15496.doc.htm.
View in Google Scholar
Ahn S.Y., The Shifting Dynamics of Amity and Enmity in the Middle East: Analysing the 2023
View in Google Scholar
Israel-Hamas War through the Framework of Regional Security Complex Theory, „Asian Journal of Political Science” 2025, vol. 33(2), https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2025.2457159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2025.2457159
View in Google Scholar
Almezaini Kh.S., The UAE and Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid, Identities and Interests, London–New York 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203815755
View in Google Scholar
Al Jazeera Staff, What Do We Know about the Israel-Hamas Ceasefire Deal in Gaza? Al Jazeera, 15 I 2025 [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/15/what-do-we-knowabout-the-israel-gaza-ceasefire-deal.
View in Google Scholar
Alter E.C.F., Janardhan N., Abraham Accords: Legal Interpretation and Scope for Collaboration with Asia, EDA Insight, II 2021.
View in Google Scholar
Al-Suwaidi Kh., The UAE after the Arab Spring: Strategy for Survival, London 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755648061
View in Google Scholar
Arab, Muslim Leaders Slam Israel, but Differ on Response, France24, 11 XI 2023, [online] https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231111-gaza-in-spotlight-as-arab-muslimblocs-meet-in-saudi.
View in Google Scholar
At UN Assembly, Israel’s Netanyahu Claims Iran Harboring Secret Nuclear Site, United Nations, 27 IX 2018, [online], https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1021192.
View in Google Scholar
Bałenkowski K., Relacje Izraela ze Zjednoczonymi Emiratami Arabskimi. Od wrogości do strategicznego partnerstwa, „Wschodnioznawstwo” 2025, t. 19, https://doi.org/10.4467/20827695WSC.25.019.22832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/20827695WSC.25.019.22832
View in Google Scholar
Cengiz S., Battaloglu N.H., Al Qawasmi F., Gulf States and Israel’s War on Gaza: Variation in Responses and Policies, Gulf Studies Centers, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 15 X 2024, https://www.qu.edu.qa/en-us/research/gulfstudies-center/documents/gaza%20report-%2024.10.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Cooper R.C., The Future of Saudi-Israeli Relations is a Balancing Act between Palestinian and Regional Interests, Atlantic Council, 22 II 2024, [online] https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/saudi-arabia-israel-two-state-gaza-normalization/.
View in Google Scholar
Czaputowicz J., Mapa współczesnego realizmu: realizm klasyczny, neorealizm, realizm neoklasyczny, [w:] Teoria realizmu w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, red. E. Haliżak, J. Czaputowicz, Warszawa 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Chulov M., Biden Rebuffed as US Relations with Saudi Arabia and UAE Hit New Low, „The Guardian” 2022, 3 IV, [online] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/03/us-relations-saudi-arabia-uae-oil-crisis.
View in Google Scholar
Einhorn R., Nephew R., The Iran Nuclear Deal: Prelude to Proliferation in the Middle East?, Foreign Policy at Brookings, V 2016, Paper 11.
View in Google Scholar
Esfandiary D., New Order in the Gulf: The Rise of the UAE, London 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755645824
View in Google Scholar
Feierstein G.M., Guzansky Y., A Mixed Report Card: The Abraham Accords at Three, Middle East Institute, 15 IX 2023, [online] https://www.mei.edu/publications/mixed-reportcard-abraham-accords-three.
View in Google Scholar
Galal A.M., External Behavior of Small States in Light of Theories of International Relations, „Review of Economics and Political Science” 2020, vol. 5, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-11-2018-0028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-11-2018-0028
View in Google Scholar
Ghanem V., Month of Successful Mediation Highlights Gulf ’s Growing Influence in Global Diplomacy, „The National” 2025, 31 I, [online] https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/
View in Google Scholar
mena/2025/01/31/month-of-successful-mediation-highlights-gulfs-growing-influencein-global-diplomacy/.
View in Google Scholar
Global Soft Power Index, United Arab Emirates Government website, 19 XI 2024 [online], https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/uae-competitiveness/global-soft-power-index.
View in Google Scholar
Grabowski W., From Speech Acts to Extraordinary Measures – Securitization and Hybrid Warfare in Iran-Israel Relations, „Przegląd Strategiczny” 2022, nr 15, https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.9
View in Google Scholar
Grabowski W., Zamach trrorystyczny Hamasu na Izrael (2023) – geneza i reperkusje dla państw Zatoki Perskiej, „Forum Nauk Społecznych” 2024, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.31648/fns.10248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/fns.10248
View in Google Scholar
Guzansky Y., Strategic Hedging by Non-Great Powers in the Persian Gulf, [w:] Great Powers and Geopolitics. International Affairs in a Rebalancing World, red. A. Klieman, Cham 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16289-8_11
View in Google Scholar
Hassan I., The UAE: A Small State with Regional Middle Power Aspirations, [w:] Unfulfilled Aspirations: Middle Power Politics in the Middle East, red. A. Saouli, New York 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197521885.003.0010
View in Google Scholar
I2U2, U.S. Department of State, [online] https://www.state.gov/i2u2/.
View in Google Scholar
Israel, UAE Sign Free Trade Pact into Effect, Reuters, 26 III 2023, [online] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-uae-sign-free-trade-pact-into-effect-2023-03-26 /.
View in Google Scholar
Israeli Minister Renews Call for Striking Gaza with „Nuclear Bomb”, Anadolu Ajansı, 24 I 2024, [online] https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-minister-renews-call-for-strikinggaza-with-nuclear-bomb-/3117351.
View in Google Scholar
Joint Arab Islamic Extraordinary Summit Adopts Resolution on Israeli Aggression against the Palestinian People, Saudi Press Agency, 12 XI 2023, [online] https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N1996072.
View in Google Scholar
Jones C., Guzansky Y., Fraternal Enemies: Israel and the Gulf Monarchies, New York 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197521878.001.0001
View in Google Scholar
Kamrava M., Hierarchy and Instability in the Middle East Regional Order, „International Studies Journal (ISJ)” 2018, vol. 14, nr 4, [online] https://www.isjq.ir/article_89791_b0892459a-65399d28e290b7a0ce8943f.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Khalid N., Mat B., Responses of Gulf States to the Palestine-Israel Conflict in Post 7th October 2023, „SINERGI: Journal of Strategic Studies & International Affairs” XII 2024, vol. 4, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.17576/sinergi.0402.2024.07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/sinergi.0402.2024.07
View in Google Scholar
Kirmanj Sh., Tofik R., The UAE’s Foreign Policy Drivers, „Middle East Policy” 2023, vol. 30, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12717
View in Google Scholar
Kosman M.M., Abraham Accords against the Backdrop of the Middle East Political Mosaic, „Przegląd Strategiczny” 2022, nr 15, https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.7
View in Google Scholar
Kozub-Karkut M., Realizm neoklasyczny w perspektywie teorii stosunków międzynarodowych i polityki zagranicznej, Kraków 2020.
View in Google Scholar
Mathews S., US Names UAE Major Defence Partner as Middle East Tensions Soar, Middle East Eye, 23 IX 2024, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/biden-and-uae-nahyan-meet-abudhabi-hopes-business-trump-middle-east-tensions.
View in Google Scholar
Metz H.CH., Saudi Arabia: A Country Study, Washington 1992.
View in Google Scholar
Nakhoul S., Magid P., Gulf States, Vulnerable but Influential, Seek to Stop New Iran-Israel War, Reuters, 14 IV 2025, [online] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gulf-statesvulnerable-influential-seek-stop-new-iran-israel-war-2024-04-14/.
View in Google Scholar
Rahman O.H., The Emergence of GCC-Israel Relations in a Challenging Middle East, Brooking Doha Center, Policy Note, VII 2021.
View in Google Scholar
The Negev Forum Working Groups and Regional Cooperation Framework, U.S. Department of State, 10 I 2023, [online] https://www.state.gov/the-negev-forum-working-groups-andregional-cooperation-framework/.
View in Google Scholar
Ravid B., Scoop: Morocco Negev Forum Ministerial Meeting Postponed – Again, Axios, 14 VI 2023, [online] https://www.axios.com/2023/06/14/morocco-negev-forum-postponedagain-israel-us.
View in Google Scholar
Ripsman N.M., Neoclassical Realism, [w:] Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, red. N. Roy, New York 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.36
View in Google Scholar
Ripsman N.M., Taliaferro J.W., Lobell S.E., Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics, New York 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899234.001.0001
View in Google Scholar
Salman A. i in., Netanyahu Again Rejects Palestinian Sovereignty Amid Fresh US Push for Two-State Solution, CNN, 21 I 2024, [online] https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/21/middleeast/netanyahu-palestinian-sovereignty-two-state-solution-intl/index.html.
View in Google Scholar
Soubrier E., Evolving Foreign and Security Policies: A Comparative Study of Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, [w:] The Small Gulf States: Foreign and Security Policies Before and After the Arab Spring, red. J.-M. Rickli, Kh.S. Almezaini, New York 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619576-8
View in Google Scholar
Speech by H.E. Dr Anwar Gargash in ADSD 2020, Emirates Policy Center, 8 XI 2020, [online] https://epc.ae/en/details/news/speech-by-he-dr-anwar-gargash-in-adsd-2020.
View in Google Scholar
Speech by H.E. Dr Anwar Gargash. Abu Dhabi Strategic Debate 2024, Emirates Policy Center, 11 XI 2024, https://epc.ae/api/file/download/6d44d130-9140-45bd-9a49-4b43543c8093.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Strategy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2023-2026, United Arab Emirates government website, 10 X 2023, [online] https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and--awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/foreign-affairs/strategy-of-the-ministry-of-foreignaffairs-2026.
View in Google Scholar
Szalai M., The Foreign Policy of Smaller Gulf States: Size, Power, and Regime Stability in the Middle East, New York 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003158288
View in Google Scholar
„Tarahum for Gaza” Campaign Activities Set to Continue in Abu Dhabi and Ajman, United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 XI 2023, [online] https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2023/11/8/8-11-2023-uae-ghaza.
View in Google Scholar
Thomas C., Iran: Background and U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service, 22 IV 2024, Report No. R47321, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47321.
View in Google Scholar
Timeline: UAE under Drone, Missile Attacks, Al Jazeera, 3 II 2022, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/3/timeline-uae-drone-missile-attacks-houthis-yemen.
View in Google Scholar
Top 100 Largest Sovereign Wealth Fund Rankings by Total Assets, Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, [online] https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/sovereign-wealth-fund.
View in Google Scholar
Trade and Security Ties Are Knitting Israel into Its Region, „The Economist” 2022, 22 IX, [online] https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/09/22/trade-and-security-ties-are-knitting-israel-into-its-region.
View in Google Scholar
Triantama F., United Arab Emirates–Israel Rapproachment: A Rational Choice of Emiratis, „Journal of International Studies” 2023, vol. 19, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2023.19.1.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2023.19.1.7
View in Google Scholar
UN Appoints Gaza Humanitarian Relief Coordinator Following Aid Vote, Voice of America, 26 XII 2023, [online] https://www.voanews.com/a/un-appoints-gaza-humanitarian-reliefcoordinator-following-aid-vote/7413360.html.
View in Google Scholar
UAE and Israel Sign Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement to Advance Bilateral Trade Beyond USD 10 Billion in 5 years, United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy, 31 V 2022, [online] https://www.moet.gov.ae/en/-/uae-and-israel-sign-comprehensive-economicpartnership-agreement-to-advance-bilateral-trade-beyond-usd-10-billion-in-5-years.
View in Google Scholar
The UAE and Israel: Three Years of Progress, Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, Washington, 14 IX 2023, [online] https://www.uae-embassy.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/230914%20The%20UAE%20and%20Israel-%20Three%20Years%20of%20Progress%20FINAL.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Calls Hamas Attacks on Israel a „Serious And Grave Escalation”, Reuters, 8 X 2023, [online] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/uae-calls-hamas-attacks-israel-seriousgrave-escalation-2023-10-08/.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Condemns in the Strongest Terms Statements by Two Israeli Ministers, United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4 I 2024, [online] https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2024/1/4/4-1-2024-uae-ghaza.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Continues to Lead as Regional Hub for Trade, Business, Travel: World Bank, Emirates News Agency, 18 XI 2024 [online], https://www.wam.ae/en/article/b69arum-uae-continueslead-regional-hub-for-trade-business.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Explanation of Vote After the Vote at the UN Security Council Meeting on the Situation in the Middle East, Including the Palestinian Question, Permanent Mission of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations, 15 XI 2023, [online] https://uaeun.org/statement/uae-unsc-eovgazaafter-15nov/.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Foreign Aid Hit AED 360 Billion Since 1971, Emirates News Agency, 3 XII 2024, [online] https://www.wam.ae/en/article/b6i89id-uae-foreign-aid-hit-aed-360-billion-since-1971.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Non-Oil Foreign Trade Totals AED 2.233 Trillion in 2022 Setting New Growth Record, United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy, 6 II 2023, [online] https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/-/uae-non-oil-foreign-trade-totals-aed-2.233-trillion-in-2022-setting-new-growth-record.
View in Google Scholar
UAE President Orders Launch of „Gallant Knight 3” Humanitarian Operation to Support People of Gaza, Emirates News Agency, 5 XI 2023, [online] https://wam.ae/article/3urxki-uaepresident-orders-launch-gallant-knight.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Says it Will not Back Post-War Gaza Plans without Palestinian State, Al Jazeera, 14 IX 2024, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/14/uae-says-it-will-not-backpost-war-gaza-plans-without-palestinian-state.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Statement at the International Court of Justice Meeting on the Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem, Permanent Mission of the United Arab Emirates to the United States, 21 II 2024, [online] https://uaeun.org/statement/uae-unga-icjpalestine-21feb/.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Strongly Condemns Israeli Bombing of Vicinity of Jordanian Field Hospital in Gaza, United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 15 XI 2023, [online] https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2023/11/15/15-11-2023-uae-ghaza-hospital.
View in Google Scholar
UAE to Maintain „Strategic Decision” on Israel Ties Amid Gaza War: Anwar Gargash, Al Arabiya English, 4 I 2024, [online] https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2024/01/04/UAE-to-maintain-strategic-decision-on-Israel-ties-amid-Gaza-war-Anwar-Gargash.
View in Google Scholar
UAE Tops Gaza Support with $828 Million Contribution, Representing 42 Percent of Total Aid by Last November, Emirates News Agency, 5 XII 2024, [online] https://www.wam.ae/en/article/149541k-uae-tops-gaza-support-with-us828-million.
View in Google Scholar
The UAE’s Aid to Foreign Countries, United Arab Emirates government website, 16 VII 2024, [online] https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/charity-and-humanitarian-work/the-uaeaid-to-foreign-countries.
View in Google Scholar
The UAE’s UNSC Membership Furthered Multilateral Action in a Polarized World, Emirates Policy Center, 29 XII 2023, [online] https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/the-uae-s-unsc-membership-furthered-multilateral-action-in-a-polarized-environment.
View in Google Scholar
Ulrichsen K.C., Restoring Balance to UAE–Iran Relations, Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, 12 XII 2021, [online], https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/Restoring-Balance-to-UAE-Iran-Relations.aspx.
View in Google Scholar
US „Will Not Walk Away” from Middle East: Biden at Saudi Summit, Al Jazeera, 16 VII 2022, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/16/biden-lays-out-middle-eaststrategy-at-saudi-arabia-summit.
View in Google Scholar
Vakil S., Quilliam N., The Abraham Accords and Israel–UAE Normalization: Shaping a New Middle East, Chatam House Research Paper, 28 III 2023.
View in Google Scholar
Younes A., Israel to Open Office for Renewable Energy in Abu Dhabi, Al Jazeera, 27 XI 2015, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/27/israel-to-open-office-for-renewableenergy-in-abu-dhabi.
View in Google Scholar
Zaga M., Israel and the United Arab Emirates: The Axis of Precedents, [w:] Israel’s Relations with Arab Countries: The Unfulfilled Potential, red. R. Kibrik, N. Goren, M. Kahana-Dagan, Ramat Gan 2021.
View in Google Scholar
Zakaria F., From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of American’s World Role, Princeton 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzcz5bq
View in Google Scholar
Zanotti J., Sharp J.M., Israel and Hamas Conflict In Brief: Overview, U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress, Congressional Research Service, Report No. R47828, 4 X, 2024, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47828.
View in Google Scholar
Zdanowski J., Middle East 2024: Decoding the Complexities of a Regional System, Kraków 2024.
View in Google Scholar
Zielińska K., The Role of United Arab Emirates in Palestinian Development: Foreign Policy Change and Potential for Pragmatic Engagement, „Politeja” 2025, vol. 22, nr 6(100), https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.22.2025.100.15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.22.2025.100.15
View in Google Scholar
,سمو الشيخ عبدالله بن زايد للجالية الفلسطينية بالدولة: دولة الإمارات ستظل دائما الحاضنة الأمينة لكم و لأسركم Ministry of Foreign Affairs United Arab Emirates, 1 IX 2020, [online] https://www.mofa.gov.ae/ar-ae/mediahub/news/2020/9/1/01-09-2020-uae-palestine.
View in Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
