Politeja is published by the Faculty of International and Political Studies of the Jagiellonian University, where a circle has formed of academics perfectly qualified for undertaking such reflection. It seems that it is in this particular unit of the Jagiellonian University that such reflection finds a forum perfectly equipped for an in-depth and solid analysis of phenomena of present-day relevance, both cultural and political, given that it has combined units existing for a long time with newly established ones, albeit in both cases comprising experienced researchers capable of looking at the same phenomena from various vantage points.
Copyright (c) 2026 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bitcoin jako komponent systemu pieniężnego
BITCOIN AS A COMPONENT OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM: SOCIAL INTEGRATION, TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFUSION AND SOCIO-POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS The aim of this article is a multifaceted analysis of Bitcoin as a component of the contemporary monetary system, identifying the processes of its socialization, technological diffusion, and the consequences of changes in the socio-political space. The author successively presents indicators of Bitcoin’s social and economic integration and the development of blockchain as a tool transforming trust, legitimization, and the structure of value circulation. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing the process of blockchain technology diffusion and the social mechanisms of legitimizing new forms of value. The article concludes with the thesis that Bitcoin, transcending its financial function, has become a component of a broader civilizational shift – a harbinger of the transformation of the model of money, ownership, and sovereignty in the era of Web 3.0.
Copyright (c) 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Myth of Europa: Europe's Universality in the Face of Sexual Difference
The myth of Europa, which consists of the rapture of Europa by Zeus disguised as a bull, her rape, and the birth of three sons founding civilizations, is one of the most represented mythological scenes in Western Art, but it has also been the object of study of European philosophers.1 These philosophical discussions on the myth of Europa reveal Europe as a universalizable space, the space of politics par excellence. The central argument of the article is that the depiction of Europe as transcendence and universalizability can only occur through the repression of the movement of rape. Bringing (a feminist) attention to this movement simultaneously uncovers the patriarchal-colonial visions of politics that are sustained by a depiction of rape as irrelevant, desirable, or justified, but also puts forward alternative imaginaries of Europe carried by a depiction of Europa’s rape as a lived experience of suffering. The article concludes by sketching three pledges for a feminist political philosophy of Europe, one that brings attention to the material-bodily character of discourses on and about Europe, the need for intersectional feminist methodologies and visual-political transfers, and the responsibility to craft nonhegemonic images and imaginaries of Europe.
myth of Europa, sexual difference, phenomenology, feminism, coloniality
Copyright (c) 2026 Andréa Delestrade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nauki polityczne wobec kwestii UFO/UAP i życia pozaziemskiego
POLITICAL SCIENCES IN APPROACH TO THE ISSUE OF UFOs/UAPs AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE For many years political scientists have had little interest in the issues of UFOs, UAPs, and extraterrestrial life, which have been perceived as something unworthy of scientific status and of scientific research; the need of socio-political studies on these issues has been widely questioned, so the taboo around them has been steadily growing. Today the situation is changing quite dramatically – in favor of active political research on the title issues, creating vast opportunities for new scientific formulas, in which political science, as well as IR and security studies, has a major role to play; ultimately many things here on Earth, if not all of them, connected with the issues of UFOs, UAPs and extraterrestrial life are political, and for science – truly paradigm-breaking. The aim of this paper is threefold: 1) to present the vast scientific, science-related and non-scientific (political, intellectual, social) context of considerations on the title issues; 2) to present the premises political scientists actively taking up any threads resulting from the domain of UFO/UAP and ET-related topics, and 3) to indicate already existing lines of research, as well as possible thematic areas, in which representatives of political sciences could fulfill themselves to great effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Piotr Obacz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ku dialogicznemu pluralizmowi w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych – o roli, substancji i konsekwencjach podstaw metateoretycznych w praktyce badawczej
TOWARDS DIALOGICAL PLURALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – ON THE ROLE, SUBSTANCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF METATHEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN RESEARCH PRACTICE The aims of the article are the following: (1) to point out the rung occupied by metatheory on the ladder of abstraction of the actual work of International Relations scholars; (2) to present a typology of possible metatheoretical approaches to the study of international reality; (3) to provide examples of classic IR works that are based on specific metatheoretical approaches; (4) to help particular scholars to identify their own metatheoretical bases using the aforementioned typology and examples; and (5) to propose an approach allowing ideas to flow between approaches based on different metatheories while maintaining the integrating role of the discipline.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mateusz Filary-Szczepanik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Wotum zaufania – referendum odwoławcze – wybory
VOTE OF CONFIDENCE – RECALL REFERENDUM – ELECTIONS: COMPATIBILITY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES (WITH THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES IN POLAND) In addition to elections and recall referendum, another method of holding local authorities accountable has been introduced in Poland – an annual report on the state of a local government unit and a debate on it – with the possible participation of residents – concluding with the granting or refusal to grant a vote of confidence in the local executive by the local legislative. The article addresses the issue of consistency of the results of the report and debate mechanism with the results of recall referenda and municipal elections. The research was based on the theory of accountability, interpreted as a three-dimensional process whose components are information, discussion and consequences. A multiple case study was used as the main research method; the research was performed in 14 municipalities. The authors found that elections remain the most effective instrument of accountability. Recall referendums most often remain invalid due to a too low turnout, while the report and debate on the state of the municipality, and a possible lack of confidence do not always end with the next step – a resolution to hold a recall referendum of the mayor. However, in most of the cases examined, there was consistency in the results of these two or three accountability mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agnieszka Pawłowska, Anna Kołomycew, Bogusław Kotarba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
„Nuklearna gąbka” – dylematy wokół lądowej gałęzi amerykańskiej strategicznej triady nuklearnej
‘NUCLEAR SPONGE’ – DILEMMAS REGARDING THE LAND BRANCH OF THE US STRATEGIC NUCLEAR TRIAD The future of the land branch of the strategic nuclear triad has become the subject of intense political and military debate in the United States. The text analyzes this debate, focusing on the arguments presented by both sides of the dispute – supporters and opponents of maintaining this element of the US strategic arsenal. The manner of resolving the dispute leads to the conclusion that strategic issues are subject to the oscillations of current policy to a relatively small extent, and that arguments of a military nature, including those based on the understanding of specialized issues related to military technology and operational doctrines, are decisive.
Copyright (c) 2017 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kult św. Jozafata Kuncewicza w Kościele rzymskokatolickim w Polsce – między religią a ideologią
The Cult of St. Jozaphat Kuntsevych in the Roman Catholic Church in Poland – Between Religion and Ideology The figure of Josaphat Kuntsevych – a martyr of the Greek Catholic Church, proclaimed a saint of the Catholic Church – is of interest primarily to church historians due to the involvement of the Archbishop of Polotsk in the process of the unification of the clergy and faithful of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the Roman Catholic Church. This article addresses an equally interesting issue – the formation of the cult of St. Josaphat in the Roman Catholic Church in the religious dimension; starting with his martyrdom, through the history of the saint’s relics, the religious life of Roman Catholic communities, and in the ideological dimension; related to Polish aspirations for independence starting from the period of partitions. An analysis of the ideological foundations for the spread of the cult of St. Jozaphat in the 19th century is based mainly on the activities of the Polish ultramontane movement, involved in efforts to canonize Kuntsevych in 1867. The conducted analysis allowed the author to formulate the conclusion that the cult of St. Josaphat in the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, initially focused on the religious dimension on the idea of religious unity of Christians, from the moment of the fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took on ideological and political forms, directed against the tsarist power and the anti-Polish and anti-Uniate imperial policy pursued by Russia. After Poland regained independence, the anti-Russian and patriotic nature of the cult was supplemented by the thread of Poland’s civilizing mission directed to the East.
Copyright (c) 2026 Politeja http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Border Control Culture on the Polish-Belarusian Border in 2021-2023
In recent years, Poland has faced unprecedented immigration pressure. In addition to the massive influx of war refugees from Ukraine, irregular migrants have challenged the Polish border control. During 2021, the first year of the crisis, the number of unauthorized border crossings made on the Polish-Belarusian border increased by 12.5 times. This led to significant changes in state border policy and border control practices locally implemented by the Border Guard (BG). The assessment of the reaction of the Polish authorities and the BG as a leading actor in this challenge aroused several controversies. Researching legal sources, official media releases and scholarly literature, I argue for a multilayered explanation of how the BG coped with this task. I examine this issue in light of the border control culture (BCC) concept, which makes it possible to embed border control practices in a broader cultural-normative context. I propose a more comprehensive approach to the BCC to show that the main actors in these processes, i.e. BG officers, operate in a specific work environment. It has three components: material, normative, and symbolic. This approach shows that changes in the material artefacts and legal norms referring to border control and ideas and views about the purpose and meaning of the border and the BG service are integral elements of the BCC and can stimulate BG officers to take the desired actions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Trojanowska-Strzęboszewska http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Russian Discursive Transits in the Context of the Russo-Ukrainian War
The article analyzes the contemporary aspects of discursive transit that the Russian regime performs in the context of the need to legitimate its war effort during the crisis of domestic media. This paper attempts to study the problem of which patterns of the discourse of hostility the Russian regime seeks to transfer into Western media discourse on the Russian war in Ukraine to legitimize it. The study of the interview of Vladimir Putin with Tucker Carlson was performed using discourse analysis methods. The interview was studied as an example of the discursive transit of the Russian wartime hostility discourse into the Western media sphere to gain sympathy and legitimize the war course. This problem is relevant in the context of contemporary qualitative political communication research, in understanding the core ideas that the Russian wartime discourse built. This moment is especially interesting in light of the EU-Ukraine cooperation and the constant development of the EU legislation in media regulation and security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gleb Trufanov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Canada’s Support for Refugees from Ukraine: An Analysis of Activities from 2022-2024 Canada is one of many countries that, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, provided various types of assistance to the country and opened its borders to war refugees. From March 2022 to April 2024, more than one million Ukrainian refugees applied for special Canadian visas under the Canada–Ukraine Authorization for Emergency Travel (CUAET) program; more than 950,000 received them, and nearly 300,000 came to Canada. These migrants, admitted on a temporary basis, are neither immigrants nor refugees under Canadian regulations, although they have access to much of the systemic assistance provided in Canada to both of the aforementioned categories of newcomers. The article presents and analyses the course and conditioning of this Canadian migration stream and its characteristic features. Based on survey data from Canadian immigration authorities, it also shows selected data on the structure of Ukrainians applying for CUAET visas and on those who came to Canada.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcin Gabryś, Anna Reczyńska http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Polityka językowa w niepodległej Ukrainie
LANGUAGE POLICY IN INDEPENDENT UKRAINE: BETWEEN INCREASING THE STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE The article provides an overview of the legal norms regulating language issues at the time of the birth of Ukrainian statehood, as well as the changes which occurred in this area at different stages of independence, in particular during the presidency of V. Yanukovych as a result of the adoption of the act on principles of language policy, and in the period following the Revolution of Dignity, when the act on ensuring the functioning of Ukrainian as the official language was adopted. In addition, the article shows which political forces gave their support to the language laws adopted during the period of independence and what position civil society representatives took towards the proposed legal solutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paweł Pietnoczka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This article explores ethnic relations in Poland, with a particular focus on the role of legal frameworks in shaping the status and rights of ethnic and national minorities since the fall of communism in 1989. It traces the historical context of restrictive state policies under communism and the subsequent transition to more inclusive legislation, culminating in the 2005 Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Language. The study highlights how this act, by formally recognizing certain minority groups, influences cultural preservation, identity formation, and intergroup dynamics within Polish society. Additionally, it examines the limitations imposed by the rigid legal categories and exclusionary criteria that affect new or unrecognized communities. Through this lens, the article illustrates how state policies and legal recognition impact the interactions between minority and majority groups, reflecting broader socio-cultural and political dynamics in contemporary Poland. The analysis underscores the complex interplay between formal regulations, state power, and ethnic identity, demonstrating both the potential for empowerment and the constraints embedded in institutional frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Katarzyna Warmińska-Zygmunt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The main objective of this study is to identify and to explore the core determinants of international leadership, such as military power, economic strength, diplomacy and technological innovation. It is important to conduct this analysis, because the dynamics of international leadership are evolving. In addition, there is a theoretical gap on this topic. Despite the existence of many works on leadership there have been few studies with a particular emphasis on the determinants of international leadership, and their role in the global landscape. The novum of this research is a focus on a leader’s (state) ability to influence other states. The analysis provides key insights into the evolving factors of international leadership in a global order.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrzej Demczuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Russian and Chinese Soft Power in North Macedonia
The Balkans, in the past and in present times, has always been of interest to the great powers, aiming at expanding their influence and presence. With this in consideration, the region became a terrain in which the presence of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation was also felt. North Macedonia is no exception in this regard, as a country that occupies an important position in the Balkans. The aim of the article is to evaluate Russian and Chinese soft power in the North Macedonia, namely a comparative look at the institutional activities of Confucius Institute and Russkiy Mir, ‘Ruski Centar’, which have been operating in this country for many years as a means of spreading Chinese and Russian culture and language. During the preparation of this research the ‘qualitative method’ was used, i.e. secondary sources (relevant Russian government sources and documents), although the historical, descriptive, comparative, and other methods have not been left aside.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamed Jashari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dominik Lasok, polsko-brytyjski prawnik i filozof
DOMINIK LASOK, POLISH-BRITISH LAWYER AND PHILOSOPHER: LIFE, WORKS AND IDEAS This article presents the life and ideas of Dominik Lasok, a Polish-British lawyer and philosopher. Born in Silesia to a Polish family, he took part in the Second World War. After studying law in Switzerland, he made his home in the UK and became widely known as an authority in European law. He was known for his remarkable enthusiasm for teaching and his unwavering belief in the value of international legal cooperation. His output as an author was exceptionally rich. He wrote more than a dozen books and at least 160 scholarly articles on a variety of subjects - most notably on European law and family law. Dominik Lasok also had invaluable achievements in promoting Polish law abroad. The article emphasizes his accomplishments, such as founding England’s first European Law Centre. Furthermore, his views on the EU as a distinct entity and his emphasis on the ethical dimension of law, especially Christian ethics, are highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krzysztof Freliszka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pro memoria prof. dr. hab. Czesława Porębskiego (3.06.1945 – 26.10.2025)
The Structure, Decision-Making Process and Actors in the EU Intergovernmental Conference
The subject of the analysis is the structure, decision-making process and actors of the intergovernmental conference as an instrument for the revision of the European Union’s political system. The author divides intergovernmental conferences into constitutional conferences and conferences ad hoc. The analysis leads the author to two main conclusions. Firstly, an intergovernmental conference is a diplomatic conference where representatives of the governments of the European Union member states negotiate to prepare a founding or revision treaty of the EU. However, an intergovernmental conference differs from a classical international conference within the meaning of the Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. Secondly, the greatest influence on the course and outcome of an intergovernmental conference is exerted by the governments of the Member States and the intergovernmental institutions of the EU, while the role of the supranational institutions of the EU is limited.
Copyright (c) 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Od Bayraktara, Szahida i Switchblade’a do programu Replicator. Zastosowanie dronów w wojnie w Ukrainie a kierunki rozwoju bezzałogowych i autonomicznych systemów bojowych
FROM BAYRAKTAR, SHAHID AND SWITCHBLADE TO THE REPLICATOR PROGRAM: THE USE OF DRONES IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND THE DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF UNMANNED AND AUTONOMOUS COMBAT SYSTEMS The article discusses the impact of the experiences and lessons learned from the employment of unmanned combat systems (drones) in the course of the conflict in Ukraine on international debates on use of such military equipment in contemporary armed conflicts and the direction of their future evolution, including possible introduction of combat autonomous capabilities. After clarification of key definitional issues, the article presents the level of development of drone military technologies before the war in Ukraine. Then it discusses scale and ways of using drones in this conflict, focusing on the use of combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) like TB-2 (Bayraktar) drones by Ukraine and so-called kamikaze drones (i.e. Shaheeds) and loitering munition (i.e. Switchblade) by both parties of the conflict. The aim of that analysis was to identify main trends in actual employment of unmanned technologies on contemporary battlefield and assess their combat effectiveness. These conclusions were confronted with the expectations and predictions concerning the use of drones in warfare and their development from the times before the Ukrainian war. On that basis some predictions and conclusions on future evolution of unmanned military technologies were drawn, particularly in relations to the possibility of introducing fully autonomous weapons.
Wojna i zmiana w środowisku międzynarodowym
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles
Theorizing the Values and Rules-Based International Order
The aim of this paper is twofold. The first objective is to present the framework for a theoretical model describing and explaining an international phenomenon of a political and legal nature, i.e. an international order based on values and rules (VRBIO, values and rules-based international order). This model is the result of joint work conducted by political scientists, IR scholars and international legal scholars, and takes into account ontological, epistemological, descriptive and explanatory components. In addition to presenting the results of theoretical work on the international phenomenon addressed in the present study, another objective of this article is discuss the challenges and opportunities of theorising across different disciplines – political science, international relations and international law. The platform for these meta-theoretical reflections is, of course, VRBIO.
Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The paper discusses anti-immigrant rhetoric in three countries: the United Kingdom, Ireland and Sweden, covering the period of 2020 – 2024. Based on an in-depth analysis of the statements issued by leading politicians of the countries and civic expressions in the form of protests and demonstrations, some common traits can be identified as leading motives in the public populistic discourse. The three shades of populism have, however, their distinctions stemming from cultural, political and economic specifics of the countries. Deconstructing of the internal pattern of the populistic discourse may help liberal democracies respond effectively to the challenges posed by simplistic and thus often misleading rhetoric.
Export of Polish Machinery Industry to Türkiye 2015-2021
The article examines the dynamics of Polish machinery exports to Türkiye between 2015 and 2021, using Complex Interdependence Theory as the analytical framework. It highlights the historical, political, and economic context of Polish-Turkish relations, emphasising the role of non-state actors, trade institutions, and market mechanisms in shaping bilateral trade. Special attention is given to the case study of Fabryka Wentylatorów FAWENT S.A., a Polish industrial fan manufacturer, whose long-standing engagement with Turkish power plants and mines illustrates how industrial cooperation develops beyond traditional political or military concerns. The study demonstrates that despite geopolitical uncertainties and economic fluctuations, trade between Poland and Türkiye has shown resilience and potential for growth. The complementary industrial structures of both countries – particularly in the machinery, automotive, and energy sectors – facilitate mutual benefits and future opportunities for deepening cooperation. Findings confirm that Polish exports, driven by competitiveness and adaptability, are an important component of strengthening interdependence and expanding economic diplomacy in the Middle East region.
The Role of United Arab Emirates in Palestinian Development
Drawing upon the foreign policy change theoretical framework, the article discusses potentialities for the United Arab Emirates pragmatic involvement in the (re)construction of the Gaza Strip after the war initiated in October 2023 by Hamas, and more broadly, in possible future Palestinian state- and nationbuilding. It analyses relevant Emirati internal reforms, foreign policy evolution, history of relations with the Palestinians, including regional context and development aid, as well as Emirati war-time agency. The findings relate the change of Emirati foreign policy to the renewal of its leadership and regional developments, yet without a redefinition of its fundamental goals. Said change involves a regionalisation effort meant at promoting stability, cooperation and peace within the nation-states’ based system, including the two-state solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
„Ideologiczny krytycyzm” do (niektórych) tekstów biblijnych zastosowany. Perspektywa historyka myśli politycznej
„IDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM” APPLIED TO (SOME) BIBLICAL TEXTS. A HISTORIAN’S OF POLITICAL THOUGHT PERSPECTIVE Debates around the meaning of the term „ideology” have been going on for three centuries. The theses proclaimed by Destutt de Tracy in the eighteenth century are juxtaposed with the findings of Karl Marx in the nineteenth century, and critically discussed in the twentieth century, e.g. by Karl Mannheim and Louis Althusser. The text, in which Althusser acknowledged that once the Church, and half a century ago the school, were the main tools used by the state apparatus to spread ideologies rather than ideology, is sometimes considered to be the source of the research approach called ideological criticism. An approach that is also increasingly used in biblical texts in order to show the entanglement of their authors in their respective cultural contexts and the ideological perpetuation of the domination of the current hegemons. In particular, the writings of Saints Paul and John are meant to reveal the ideological attitude of believers in Jesus Christ as God incarnate, who is not entangled in the cultural contexts of men.
Egalitarianism and Its Metamorphosis into ‘Easy Morality’
This article addresses a critique of contemporary egalitarianism that, while certainly present, has not been prominent in the relevant literature on equality. Rather than examining internal flaws in the concept of equality itself, it asks whether the dominant form of egalitarianism in current political discourse – particularly within liberal and left-liberal agendas – has become selectively applied in ways that undermine its foundational aims. Specifically, in the paper the claim is made that this contemporary form of egalitarianism: (a) foregrounds peripheral issues over core egalitarian concerns; (b) does so at the expense of addressing the condition of the worst-off; and (c) can be best understood through the lens of ‘easy morality’ – a normative posture marked by minimal personal cost, misaligned ethical priorities (ordo amoris), and broad social approval that masks its limitations. It argues that central egalitarian concerns – such as wealth concentration, global poverty, and middle-class decline – have been sidelined in favour of less demanding but more culturally salient causes. Finally, the paper proposes several hypotheses regarding the socio-cultural and political factors contributing to this shift.
Hegla naszego powszedniego. Buribunkowie Carla Schmitta jako satyryczna dystopia
CARL SCHMITT’S DIE BURIBUNKEN AS A SATIRICAL DYSTOPIA The paper focuses on some early writings of the German legal and political thinker Carl Schmitt. During the First World War Schmitt published three essays in the Catholic journal Summa. In this paper I aver that those three articles – though remarkably various in content and literary form – are connected thematically and conceptually. The paper particularly attempts at an interpretation of Die Buribunken which is apparently only dystopian text in Schmitt’s oeuvre. I try to show in what ways it engages with modernity and Hegelian philosophy of history. I also point out rather surprising topicality of the text in the digital age.
Umberto Bossi, the Lombard labourer and would-be doctor and later legendary founder of the populist right-wing political party Northern League, is one of the greatest exponents of the so-called second Italian Republic. By founding the Lombard League in 1984 – which later, together with other autonomist groups, evolved into the Northern League – he aimed to instil regional pride and identity among the northern Italian population. Using historical memory, Celtic mythology, tribal culture, and folklore, he crafted a compelling narrative that resonated with diverse social groups. This paper examines Bossi’s charismatic leadership as the iconic founding father and long-time leader of the oldest party in the Italian Republic. His role as a significant political personality is analysed through his promotion of Padania, a proposed independent nation and state in northern Italy. The article analyses how Bossi used issues of culture, regional identity, criticism of centralism, and demands for autonomy to create a coherent political movement. Empirically, it draws on both discourse analysis and source materials, revealing Bossi’s key communication strategies from the founding of the Lombard League in 1984 until the European elections in June 2024.
„To, co społeczne”… Wobec współczesnych zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych (wstępny rekonesans)
“WHAT IS SOCIAL”… TOWARDS CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATION THREATS The topic of consideration is the analysis of a set of concepts developed by Bruno Latour (1947-2022) – a French anthropologist, sociologist and philosopher of science, which – according to the mentioned researcher – can replace the strict distinction between what is technological and what is social. The aim of the considerations is to answer the question whether the concepts proposed by the author of After Lockdown: A Metamorphosis: ‘association’, ‘substitution’ and ‘translation’ – really allow us to go beyond the opposition: social versus technological? Is it possible to reformulate traditional statements regarding social order, power, domination, and therefore also potential threats to civilization? Methodology: analysis of scientific and media discourse.
The Polish Marco Polo – Explorer of Zhōngguó
The failed diplomatic mission of Michael Boym is still a little-known episode. Nevertheless, Boym’s legacy goes beyond his missionary and political activities. This tireless researcher left us a collection of invaluable treatises that introduced Europeans to various phenomena of imperial China that were unknown at the time. Europe owes Boym a great deal of reliable knowledge about Chinese geography, history, philosophy, medicine, nature, local folklore and even astronomy. Boym’s rich scholarly output in these numerous subject areas, which was created during his numerous travels, is astonishing.