Grandes Esperanças – Afryka w polityce zagranicznej Brazylii w XXI w.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.20.2024.89.15Słowa kluczowe:
Brazylia, Afryka, polityka zagraniczna, Lula da SilvaAbstrakt
“GRANDES ESPERANÇAS” – AFRICA IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF BRAZIL IN XXI CENTURY
The links between Brazil and African countries go far beyond official political or economic relations and date back to the beginnings of Portuguese colonisation in the New World. They are bound by the painful history of many centuries of slavery, but also the influence of the African population on Brazilian culture, religion and society. Today, Brazil is the country with the second largest population of African descent after Nigeria, yet Brazil’s policy towards Africa seems largely short-term. The aim of the following article is to show the evolution of Brazil’s policy towards Africa in these dimensions from a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the changes in its dynamics in the 21st century and its inclusion in a broader strategy of the country’s international activity.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Abdenur A.E., Brazil–Africa Relations: From Boom to Bust?, [w:] Africa and the World Bilateral and Multilateral International Diplomacy, red. D. Nagar, C. Mutasa, Cham 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_9
View in Google Scholar
Abreu R., Rouvenat F., Lula deve viajar à África em maio, „Politica” 2023, 23 II, [online] https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/julia-duailibi/post/2023/02/23/lula-deve-viajara-africa-em-maio.ghtml.
View in Google Scholar
Albuquerque Mourão F., Altemani de Oliveira H., Política africana no Brasil, [w:] Sessenta anos de política externa brasileira 1930-1990. O desafio geoestratégico, red. J.A. Guilhon Albuquerque, São Paulo 2000.
View in Google Scholar
Almeida Prado J.F., O Brasil e o colonialismo europeu, São Paulo 1955.
View in Google Scholar
Altemani de Oliveira H., As relações Brasil–Africa, [w:] Relações internacionais do Brasil. Temas e agendas, t. 1, red. H. Altemani de Oliveira, A.C. Lessa, São Paulo 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Aragon D.P., Chancellery Sepulchers: Jânio Quadros, João Goulart and the Forging of Brazilian Foreign Policy in Angola, Mozambique, and South Africa, 1961-1964, „Luso-Brazilian Review” 2010, vol. 47, no. 1, s. 121-149, https://doi.org/10.1353/lbr.0.0120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/lbr.0.0120
View in Google Scholar
Ashby H. i in., What BRICS Expansion Means for the Bloc’s Founding Members: New Additions Highlight the Bloc’s Global Appeal – but More Members Could Further Complicate Its Consensus-Based Approach, United States Institute of Peace, 30 VIII 2023, [online] https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/08/what-brics-expansion-means-blocs-founding-members.
View in Google Scholar
Baladão Vieira M.B., The Semi-Periphery in Africa: The Case of Brazil, 2002, Centro Celso Furtado, [online] http://www.centrocelsofurtado.com.br/arquivos/image/201207251224100.Ma%C3%83%C2%ADra%20Ba%C3%83%C2%A9%20Vieira%202.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Bearak M., Andreoni M., Brazil, Indonesia and Congo Sign Rainforest Protection Pact, „The New York Times” 2022, 14 XI, [online] https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/14/climate/brazilindonesia-democratic-congo-rainforest-protection-pact.html.
View in Google Scholar
Brasil: Lula ordena inclusión de afrodescendientes a cargos públicos, „DW Latinomérica” 2023, 22 III, [online] https://www.dw.com/es/brasil-lula-ordena-inclusi%C3%B3n-de-afrodescendientes-a-cargos-p%C3%BAblicos/a-65074000.
View in Google Scholar
Brazil–Africa Relations: Historical Dimensions and Contemporary Engagements from the 1960s to the Present, red. G. Seibert, P. Fagundes Visentini, Woodbridge 2019.
View in Google Scholar
Brazil–Africa Relations in the 21st Century: From Surge to Downturn and Beyond, red. M. Alencastro, P. Seabra, Lisbon–São Paulo 2021.
View in Google Scholar
Bridging the Atlantic, Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa: South–South Partnering for Growth, The World Bank/IPEA, [online] https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6c5eecb0-1272-5f04-866c-bab942cfc4b2/content.
View in Google Scholar
Cabral L., Brazil’s Tropical Solutions for Africa: Tractors, Matracas and the Politics of ‘Appropriate Technology’, „The European Journal of Development Research” 2016, vol. 28, no. 3, s. 414-430, https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2016.13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2016.13
View in Google Scholar
Cabral L., Favareto A., Mukwereza L., Amanor K., Brazil’s Agricultural Politics in Africa: More Food International and the Disputed Meanings of ‘Family Farming’, „World Development” 2016, vol. 81, s. 47-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.010
View in Google Scholar
Castillo L.E., Mapping the Nineteenth-Century Brazilian Returnee Movement: Demographics, Life Stories and the Question of Slavery, „Atlantic Studies” 2016, vol. 13, no. 1, s. 25-52, https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810.2015.1110677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810.2015.1110677
View in Google Scholar
Cortesão J., A expansão dos portugueses em África (1557-1640), [w:] História de Portugal, vol. 5, red. D. Peres, Barcelos 1933, s. 437-462.
View in Google Scholar
Danilevicz Pereira A., Brazil–Africa Relations: The Strategic Importance of the South Atlantic, „Insight on Africa” 2014, vol. 6, no. 1, s. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087814532586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087814532586
View in Google Scholar
Dávila J., Hotel Trópico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950-1980, Durham–London 2010, https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822393443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822393443
View in Google Scholar
Defense White Paper: Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional, Brazil 2012, [online] https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/arquivos/estado_e_defesa/livro_branco/Versao2012dolivroLBDNemingles.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Dye B.J., Alencastro M., Debunking Brazilian Exceptionalism in Its Africa Relations: Evidence from Angola and Tanzania, „Global Society” 2020, vol. 34, no. 462, s. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2020.1722617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2020.1722617
View in Google Scholar
Dye B.J., The Politics of Dam Resurgence: High Modernist Statebuilding and the Emerging Powers in Africa, Oxford 2018.
View in Google Scholar
Eltis D., Iberian Dominance and the Intrusion of the Northern Europeans into the Atlantic World: Slave Trading as a Result of Economic Growth?, „Almanack” 2019, no. 22, s. 496-550, https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463320192210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463320192210
View in Google Scholar
Estratégia Nacional de Defesa, Ministério de Defesa, 2008, [online] https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/estrategia-nacional-de-defesa-pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Fortin C., Heine J., Ominami C., Latin American Foreign Policies in the New World Order: The Active Non-Alignment Option, London 2023, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.766961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.766961
View in Google Scholar
de Freitas Barbosa A., Narciso T., Bianclalana M., Brazil in Africa: Another Emerging Power in the Continent?, „Politikon” 2009, vol. 36, no. 1, s. 59-86, https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340903155401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340903155401
View in Google Scholar
de Freitas M.V., Brazil and Africa: Historic Relations and Future Opportunities, GMF, 8 II 2006, [online] https://www.gmfus.org/news/brazil-and-africa-historic-relations-and-futureopportunities.
View in Google Scholar
Garcia A., Kato K., The Story of Hunter and the Hunted? Brazil’s Role in Angola and Mozambique, [w:] BRICS: An Anti-Capitalist Critique, red. P. Bond, A. Garcia, London 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Haubert M., Lula detalha viagem à África e cita ‘reparação histórica’, „Poder360” 2023, 10 II, [online] https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/lula-detalha-viagem-a-africa-e-cita-reparacao-historica/.
View in Google Scholar
Komminoth L., What Does Lula’s Brazilian Victory Mean for Africa?, „African Business” 2022, 31 X, [online] https://african.business/2022/10/trade-investment/what-does-lula-victorymean-for-africa/.
View in Google Scholar
Krippahl C., Milz T., Africa Bets on Brazil’s New President Lula da Silva, „DW” 2023, 18 I, [online] https://www.dw.com/en/africa-bets-on-brazils-new-president-lula-da-silva/a-64438215.
View in Google Scholar
Kula M., Historia Brazylii, Wrocław 1987.
View in Google Scholar
Lechini G., BRICS e África: A grande incógnita, „Boletim de Economia e Política Internacional” 2012, no. 9, s. 139-150.
View in Google Scholar
Lechini G., O Brasil na África ou a África no Brasil? A construção da política africana pelo Itamaraty, „Nueva Sociedad” 2008, s. 55-71.
View in Google Scholar
Leite A., Ferreira Cavalcante T., A cooperação brasileira para a África: Da diplomacia presidencial de Lula da Silva à diplomacia comercial de Dilma Rousseff, „Brazilian Journal of International Relations” 2016, vol. 5, no. 2, s. 343-370, https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2016.v5n2.06.p342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2016.v5n2.06.p342
View in Google Scholar
Lima M., Desigualdades raciais e políticas públicas: Ações afirmativas no governo Lula, „Novos Estudios” 2010, vol. 1, no. 87, s. 77-95, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-33002010000200005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-33002010000200005
View in Google Scholar
Lima M., Histórias entre margens: Retornos de libertos para a África partindo do Rio de Janeiro no século XIX, „Revista de História Comparada” 2013, vol. 7, no. 1, s. 67-114.
View in Google Scholar
Lima T., Queila Santana J., Enlarging the Donor Base: An Analysis of the World Food Programme’s Reform Process and the Brazilian Bridge Diplomacy, „Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional” 2020, vol. 63, no. 2, s. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202000203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202000203
View in Google Scholar
Malamud A., A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy, „Latin American Politics and Society” 2011, vol. 53, no. 3, 1-24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x
View in Google Scholar
Marquese R., Parron T., Berbel M., Slavery and Politics: Brazil and Cuba, 1790-1850, Albuquerque 2016.
View in Google Scholar
Mawdsley E., Marcondes D., Kim S.-M., Political Leadership and ‘Non-Traditional’ Development Cooperation, „Third World Quarterly” 2017, vol. 38, no. 10, s. 2171-2186, https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1333416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1333416
View in Google Scholar
Milhorance C., New Geographies of Global Policy-Making: South–South Networks and Rural Development Strategies, London 2019, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315157955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315157955
View in Google Scholar
Moliterno D., Lula pode ir à África ainda no 1º semestre e busca repetir aproximação de mandatos anteriores, „CNN Brasil” 2023, 14 II, [online] https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/lula-pode-ir-a-africa-ainda-no-1o-semestre-e-busca-repetir-aproximacao-de-mandatosanteriores/.
View in Google Scholar
Oro A.P., A presença religiosa brasileira no Exterior: O caso da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, „Estudos Avançados” 2004, vol. 18, no. 52, s. 139-155, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142004000300011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142004000300011
View in Google Scholar
Pagliarini A., Lula Will Turn to Africa: Just Not Yet, „The Brazilian Report” 2023, 8 III, [online] https://brazilian.report/opinion/2023/03/08/lula-diplomacy-africa/.
View in Google Scholar
Penna Filho P., África do Sul e Brasil: Diplomacia e comércio (1918-2000), „Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional” 2001, vol. 44, no. 1, s. 69-93, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292001000100006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292001000100006
View in Google Scholar
Petelczyc J., Brazylia jako lider pomocy na linii Północ–Południe. Casus Afryki, [w:] Brazylia jako mocarstwo wschodzące, red. M.F. Gawrycki, Warszawa 2013.
View in Google Scholar
Política Nacional de Defesa, [online] https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/politica-nacional-de-defesa-pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Política Nacional de Defesa 2012, Ministério de Defesa, [online] https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/arquivos/2012/mes07/pnd.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Rivair Macedo J., The Embassy of Daomé in Salvador (1750): Diplomatic Protocols and Political Affirmation of a State in Expansion in West Africa, „Brazilian Journal of African Studies” 2018, vol. 3, no. 6, s. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.22456/2448-3923.86065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/2448-3923.86065
View in Google Scholar
Rodrigues Bessa Mattos B., Lemos de Matos F.E., Kenkel K.M., Brazilian Policy and the Creation of a Regional Security Complex in the South Atlantic: Pax Brasiliana?, „Contexto Internacional” 2017, vol. 39, no. 2, s. 35-51, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390200004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390200004
View in Google Scholar
Rodrigues J.H., Brasil e África: Outro horizonte. Relações e Contribuições mútuas, Rio de Janeiro 1964.
View in Google Scholar
Rosi B.G., As relações Brasil–África no regime militar e na atualidade, „Conjuntura Austral” 2011, vol. 2, no. 3-4, s. 31-46, https://doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.17764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.17764
View in Google Scholar
Santos N.L., União Brasil-Angola: Uma hipótese na independência, Brasília 1979.
View in Google Scholar
Saraiva J.F.S., África parceira do Brasil atlântico: Relações internacionais do Brasil e da África no início do século XXI, Belo Horizonte 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Saraiva J.F.S., Construçâo e Desconstrução do Discurso Culturalista na Política Africana do Brasil, „Revista de Informação Legislativa” 1993, vol. 30, no. 118, s. 219-236.
View in Google Scholar
Saraiva J.F.S., O lugar da África: A dimensão atlântica da política externa brasileira (de 1946 a nossos dias), Brasília 1997.
View in Google Scholar
Saraiva J.F.S., The New Africa and Brazil in the Lula Era: The Rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy, „Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional” 2010, no. 53, s. 169-182, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292010000300010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292010000300010
View in Google Scholar
Saraiva J.F.S., Um Momento Especial nas Relações Brasil-Angola: Do Reconhecimento da Independência aos Desdobramentos Atuais, [w:] Angola e Brasil nas Rotas do Atlântico Sul, red. S. Pantoja, J.F.S. Saraiva, Rio de Janeiro 1999.
View in Google Scholar
Sawicka M., Brazylia w systemie międzynarodowym. Rola średniego mocarstwa nowego typu, Kraków 2020.
View in Google Scholar
Scolese E., Lula pede perdão por negros que foram escravos no Brasil, „Folha de S. Paulo” 2005, 15 IV, [online] https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc1504200508.htm.
View in Google Scholar
Seabra P., A Harder Edge: Reframing Brazil’s Power Relations with Africa, „Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional” 2014, vol. 57, no. 1, s. 77-97, https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201400105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201400105
View in Google Scholar
Seibert G., Brazil in Africa: Ambitions and Achievements of an Emerging Regional Power in the Political and Economic Sector, 4th European Conference on African Studies, 15-18 VI, Uppsala 2011, [online] https://www.academia.edu/102935924 Brazil_in_Africa_Ambitions_and_Achievements_of_an_Emerging_Regional_Power_in_the_Political_and_Economic_Sector.
View in Google Scholar
Stanley S., The Persistence of Myth: Brazil’s Undead ‘Racial Democracy’, „Contemporary Political Theory” 2021, vol. 20, no. 4, s. 749-770, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-021-00477-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-021-00477-x
View in Google Scholar
Stolte C., Brazil’s Africa Strategy: Role Conception and the Drive for International Status, Palgrave Macmillan 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Stuenkel O., Brazil in Africa: Bridging the Atlantic?, „KAS International Report” 2013, no. 1-2, s. 28-39.
View in Google Scholar
Stuenkel O., How BRICS Expansion Will Impact South America, „Americas Quarterly” 2023, 24 VIII, [online] https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/how-brics-expansion-will-impact-south-america/.
View in Google Scholar
Stuenkel O., The BRICS and the Future of Global Order, New York 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Thornton J.K., Heywood L.M., Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660, New York 2007.
View in Google Scholar
Visentini P., South–South Cooperation, Prestige Diplomacy or „Soft Imperialism”? Lula’s Government Brazil–Africa Relations, „Século XXI” 2010, vol. 1, no. 1, s. 65-84.
View in Google Scholar
White L., Understanding Brazil’s New Drive for Africa, „South African Journal of International Affairs” 2010, vol. 17, no. 2, s. 221-242, https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2010.494345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2010.494345
View in Google Scholar
Zilla C., Foreign Policy Change in Brazil: Drivers and Implications, „Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) Research Paper” 2022, no. 8.
View in Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
