Podziały etniczne w zachodnim Pakistanie jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa państwa i regionu
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.23.2026.103.15Słowa kluczowe:
Pakistan, Afganistan, Beludżystan, Talibowie, Islamskie Państwo ChorasanuAbstrakt
ETHNIC DIVISIONS IN WESTERN PAKISTAN POSE A THREAT TO NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SECURITY
In the context of the dynamically shifting balance of power in Europe and Central Asia, the influence these regions have on each other and the significance of historical, ethnic, and political determinants in shaping contemporary conflicts cannot be ignored. This text aims to examine the complex geopolitical situation at the intersection of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran, with particular emphasis on the role of the Pashtuns and Baloch as key players in this complex relationship.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Abbas H., The Taliban Revival: Violence and Extremism on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier, New Haven 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Abou Zahab M., Roy O., Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection, New York 2004.
View in Google Scholar
Afghanistan: Deadly Suicide Attack at Russian Embassy in Kabul, Aljazeera, 5 IX 2022, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/5/suicide-bomb-blast-near-russian-embassy-inkabul-afghan-police.
View in Google Scholar
Ahmed A.S., Millennium and Charisma Among the Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology, London 1976.
View in Google Scholar
Axmann M., Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baluch Nationalism 1915-1955, Karachi 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Baloch Leader Seeks India’s Support Against Pakistani Oppression, Devdiscourse, [online] https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/international/3423453-baloch-leader-seeks-indiassupport-against-pakistani-oppression.
View in Google Scholar
Balochistan Independence Declared, Baloch Leader Seeks India’s Support, India News Network, [online] https://www.indianewsnetwork.com/en/20250515/balochistan-independencedeclared-baloch-leader-seeks-india-s-support.
View in Google Scholar
Banerjee M., The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition and Memory in the North West Frontier, Oxford 2000.
View in Google Scholar
Bansal A., Balochistan in Turmoil: Pakistan at Crossroads, New Delhi 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Barfield Th., Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Princeton–Oxford 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Bergen P., Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden from 9/11 to Abbottabad, New York 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Breseeg T.M., Baloch Nationalism: Its Origins and Development, Karachi 2004.
View in Google Scholar
Caroe O., The Pathans: 550 B.C. – A.D. 1957, London 1958.
View in Google Scholar
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Game Changer, red. M. Majeed Khan, A.R. Malik, S. Ijaz, U. Farwa, [online] https://issi.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CPEC_Book_2016.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Coll S., Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, New York 2018.
View in Google Scholar
Coll S., Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, New York 2004.
View in Google Scholar
Crews R.D., Tarzi A., The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan, Cambridge, MA 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Dupree L., Afghanistan, Princeton 1973.
View in Google Scholar
Egli J.J., Nomina geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 geographischen Namen aller Erdräume, Leipzig 1893 / New York 1973.
View in Google Scholar
Ewans M., Afghanistan: A New History, London 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Fair C.Ch., Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army’s Way of War, New York 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Ganguly S., Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947, New York 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Giustozzi A., Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan, New York 2008, s. 180-181.
View in Google Scholar
Giustozzi A., The Islamic State in Khorasan: Afghanistan, Pakistan and the New Central Asian Jihad, London 2018, s. 142.
View in Google Scholar
Giustozzi A., The Taliban at War 2001-2018, London 2018, Grare F., Balochistan: The State Versus the Nation, Washington, DC–Moscow–Beijing–Beirut–Brussels 2013.
View in Google Scholar
Gregorian V., The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880-1946, Stanford 1969.
View in Google Scholar
Guha R., India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy, New York–London–Toronto–Sydney–New Delhi–Auckland 2007.
View in Google Scholar
Haider Z., Baluchis, Beijing, and Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, „Georgetown Journal of International Affairs” 2005, vol. 6, no. 1.
View in Google Scholar
Harrison S., In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, New York 1981.
View in Google Scholar
Hashim A., Iran Accuses Taliban of Violating Water Rights Amid Drought, Al Jazeera, 2011, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/28/iran-accuses-taliban-of-violatingwater-rights-amid-drought.
View in Google Scholar
Hopkirk P., The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, New York 1990.
View in Google Scholar
Hussain I., Pakistan: The Economy of an Elitist State, Karachi 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Hussain R., Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan, Aldershot 2005.
View in Google Scholar
Iran, Pakistan Trade Accusations After Border Clashes, Al Jazeera, 2024, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/15/iran-pakistan-trade-accusations-after-border-clashes.
View in Google Scholar
Iran: At Least 82 Baluchi Protesters and Bystanders Killed in Bloody Crackdown, Amnesty International, [online] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/iran-at-least-82-baluchi-protesters-and-bystanders-killed-in-bloody-crackdown/.
View in Google Scholar
Iran and Taliban Forces Clash on Border, Several Killed, Reuters, 2023, [online] https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-taliban-forces-clash-border-several-killed-2023-05-27/.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Calls Missile Attack on Israel ‘Legal, Rational and Legitimate’, „The Guardian”, 1 X 2024, [online] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/01/iran-calls-missile-attack-onisrael-legal-rational-and-legitimate.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Calls Missile Attack on Israel ‘Legal, Rational and Legitimate’, „The Guardian”, 1 X 2024, [online] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/01/iran-calls-missile-attack-onisrael-legal-rational-and-legitimate.
View in Google Scholar
Iran’s Raisi Says ‘Genocide’ Unfolding in Gaza as He Meets Russia’s Putin, Al Jazeera, 19 X 2024, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/19/irans-raisi-says-genocideunfolding-in-gaza-as-he-meets-russias-putin.
View in Google Scholar
Iranduost I., SPECIAL REPORT: Bloody Crackdown and Systematic Human Rights Violations Against Baloch Citizens during the January 2026 Protests, Baluchistan. Human Rights Group, [online] https://bhrg.info/en/?p=4628.
View in Google Scholar
Islamic State Group Gunmen Kill Politician in Pakistan, The New Arab, [online] https://www.newarab.com/news/islamic-state-group-gunmen-kill-politician-pakistan.
View in Google Scholar
Israeli Mossad Backed Baloch Militant Coalition Shifts Strategy Against Iran, Times of Islamabad, 2 I 2026, https://timesofislamabad.com/02-Jan-2026/israeli-mossad-backed-balochmilitant-coalition-shifts-strategy-against-iran.
View in Google Scholar
Johnson C.G., The Rise and Stall of the Islamic State in Afghanistan, United States Institute of Peace, [online] https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR395-The-Rise-and-Stall-of-the-Islamic-State-in-Afghanistan.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Johnson T.H., Mason M.Ch., Understanding the Taliban and Insurgency in Afghanistan, Philadelphia 2007.
View in Google Scholar
Jones S.G., In the Graveyard of Empires: America’s War in Afghanistan, New York–London 2009.
View in Google Scholar
Jones S.G., Waging Insurgent Warfare: Lessons from the Vietcong to the Islamic State, New York 2017.
View in Google Scholar
Kakar M.H., Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982, Berkeley 1979.
View in Google Scholar
Korybko A., Hybrid Wars: The Indirect Adaptive Approach to Regime Change, Moscow 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Lieven A., Pakistan: A Hard Country, New York 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Maley W., The Afghanistan Wars, Basingstoke 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Marginality and Modernity: Ethnicity and Change in Post-Colonial Balochistan, red. P. Titus, Karachi 1998.
View in Google Scholar
Marsden P., The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan, London–New York 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Muhammad-Shahi S., Is Iran Afraid of the Baloch Awakening?, Memo. Middle East Monitor, [online] https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231003-is-iran-afraid-of-the-baloch-awakening/.
View in Google Scholar
Nichols R., Settling the Frontier: Land, Law and Society in the Peshawar Valley, 1500-1900, Karachi 2001.
View in Google Scholar
Noelle Ch., State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863), London 1997.
View in Google Scholar
Norman-Diamond G., Iran Identifies Alleged Mastermind behind Soleimani Memorial Bombings that Left Nearly 100 Dead: Report, Fox News, [online] https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-identifies-alleged-mastermind-behind-soleimani-memorial-bombings-leftnearly-100-dead-report?msockid=17db5ed680e16e562bc44a50814d6fb8.
View in Google Scholar
Okruhlik G., The Identity Politics of Iran’s Sunni Minority, [w:] The Twelver Shia in Modern Times, red. R. Brunner, W. Ende, Leiden 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Pakistan Air Force Conducts Strikes in Iran’s Sistan-Baluchestan Province, Dawn, 2024, [online] https://www.dawn.com/news/1725816.
View in Google Scholar
Paul J., Zentralasien, Frankfurt am Main 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Peters G., Seeds of Terror: How Heroin Is Bankrolling the Taliban and al Qaeda, New York 2009.
View in Google Scholar
Rashid A., Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, New York 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Rashid A., Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, New Haven 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Rashid A., Pakistan on the Brink: The Future of America, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, New York 2022.
View in Google Scholar
Rashid A., Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, New Haven–London 2000.
View in Google Scholar
Rehan T., India’s Actions in Balochistan and Bilateral Ties, [online] https://cscr.pk/explore/themes/defense-security/indias-actions-in-balochistan-and-bilateral-ties/.
View in Google Scholar
Riedel B., Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Washington, DC 2011.
View in Google Scholar
Rubin B.R., Afghanistan from the Cold War through the War on Terror, New York 2013.
View in Google Scholar
Rubin B.R., The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, New Haven 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Sajid I., Hafiz Saeed Khan: The Former Taliban Warlord Taking ISIS to India and Pakistan, „International Business Times”, 19 I 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Schmidle N., Getting Bin Laden: What Happened That Night in Abbottabad, „The New Yorker”, 1 VIII 2011.
View in Google Scholar
Schmitt E., ISIS Branch Poses Biggest Immediate Terrorist Threat to Evacuation in Kabul, „The New York Times”, 25 VIII 2021.
View in Google Scholar
Shahid S., Three Personnel Martyred, 20 Hurt in Mastung Blast, [online] https://www.dawn.com/news/1904493/three-personnel-martyred-20-hurt-in-mastung-blast.
View in Google Scholar
Sial S., The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: An Assessment of Potential Threats and Constraints, Pak Institute for Peace Studies, Islamabad, 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Sial S., The Iran-Pakistan Border: Security, Economics and Smuggling, [w:] Iran’s Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Ahmadinejad, red. A. Ehteshami, M. Zweiri, Reading 2013.
View in Google Scholar
Small A., The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics, New York 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Spain J.W., The Pathan Borderland, The Hague 1963.
View in Google Scholar
Suicide Blast at Taliban Religious School in Pakistan Kills Six, France24, [online] https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250228-suicide-blast-at-taliban-religious-school-inpakistan-kills-4.
View in Google Scholar
Talbot I., Pakistan: A Modern History, New York 1998.
View in Google Scholar
Thomas V., Warner J.F., Hydropolitics in the Harirud/Tejen River Basin: Afghanistan as Hydro-Hegemon?, „Water International” 2015, vol. 40, no. 4, s. 593-613, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1059164.
View in Google Scholar
“We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years”: Enforced Disappearances by Pakistan Security Forces in Balochistan, Human Rights Watch, 28 VII 2011.
View in Google Scholar
Wirsing G., Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources: The Changing Context of Separatism in Pakistan, Carlisle, PA 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Wolf S.O., The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative: Concept, Context and Assessment, Cham 2019.
View in Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
