Policy to Combat Human Trafficking in Macedonia – Legislation, Specialised Bodies and Procedures
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.30.30Keywords:
human trafficking, organized crime, Macedonia, anti‑trafficking policiesAbstract
For many years, the Balkans have been considered to be the primary area of interest of criminal groups that traffic in people, especially women and children. In Macedonia, this problem was revealed in the 1990s. However, initial efforts to reduce this phenomenon and combat it proved ineffective. This stemmed from the lack of a designated strategy and the narrow character of cooperation between individual institutions. The situation was unfavourable since human trafficking is an issue that requires an interdisciplinary approach and the collaboration of many bodies. This paper is an attempt to present and assess the institutional and legal system currently being established in the Republic of Macedonia in order to effectively combat the problem of trafficking in persons. First of all, the author will describe the existing legal framework and will also indicate the specialised institutions and procedures established in order to undertake coordinated institutional measures that address the problem of trafficking in persons.
Downloads
References
‘Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings’, Council of Europe, 16 May 2005, at <http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/197.htm>.
‘Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia (consolidated version with the amendments from March 2004, June 2006, January 2008 and September 2009)’, Art. 418‑a, at <http://legislationline.org/documents/action/popupid/16066/preview>.
‘EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA 2013)’, EUROPOL, 19 March 2013, at <https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/eu‑serious‑and‑organised‑crime‑threat‑assessment‑socta>.
‘Godišen Izveštaj za 2013 godina’, Skopǰe 2014, Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa, at <http://www.nacionalnakomisija.gov.mk/sites/default/files/prikachyvanja/2013_godisen_izvestaj_nacionalna_komisija.doc>.
‘Godišni izveštai na Nacionalniot Izvestuvač za 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 godini’, Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa, <http://www.nacionalnakomisija.gov.mk/mk/godishni‑izveshtai/godishni‑izveshtai‑na‑nacionalniot‑izvestuvach>.
Gotovski M., Monitoring na sudski predmeti od oblasta na trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa vo Makedoniǰa 2010 godina, Skopǰe 2011, Koaliciǰa “Site za pravično suden̂e”, at <http://www.all4fairtrials.org.mk/Main_files/Izvestaj_2011_MKD.pdf>.
‘ILO Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 2008’, Geneva 2008, International Labour Office, at <http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@declaration/documents/publication/wcms_090356.pdf>.
‘Krivičen Zakonik’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 2, No. 37 (1996), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/90E0B29D702D49A48DBCC2239374B927.pdf>.
Kröger T., Malkoč J., Uhl B.H., National Referral Mechanism. Joining Efforts to Protect the Rights of Trafficked Persons. A Practical Handbook, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw 2004.
‘M‑rNikola Gruevski na promociǰata na Priračnikot za standardni operativni proceduri za postapuvan̂e so žrtvi na trgoviǰa so luǵe’, Vlada na Republika Makedoniǰa, at <http://arhiva.vlada.mk/?q=node/23>.
‘Nacionalna strategiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰa so luǵe i ilegalna migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa’ i ‘Nacionalen akciski plan za borba protiv trgoviǰa so luǵei i legalna migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa’, 2009‑2012, Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa, at <http://www.nacionalnakomisija.gov.mk/sites/default/files/prikachyvanja/nap‑mak_2009‑2012.pdf>.
‘Nacionalnata Strategiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰa so luǵe i ilegalna migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa’ i ‘Nacionalniot akciski plan za borba protiv trgoviǰa so luǵe i ilegalna migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa’, 2013‑2016, Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa, at <http://www.nacionalnakomisija.gov.mk/sites/default/files/prikachyvanja/strategija_nap_mk_0.pdf>.
‘Odluka za obrazuvan̂e Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 57, No. 18 (2001), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/9B34D7ACD289420FBAF034D79CEF86B9.pdf>.
‘Pravilnik za normativite i standardite za prostor, oprema, stručni kadri i sredstva potrebni za osnovan̂e i započnuvan̂e so rabota na ustanovata za sociǰalna zaštita Centar za lica – žrtvi na trgoviǰa so luǵe’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 66, No. 100 (2010), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/CCA654D6C9B1184C99062F26B27EE310.pdf>.
‘Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime’, 15 November 2000, UN, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, at <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx>.
‘Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking’ (results from the UN Protocol on Human Trafficking), UN, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, at <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Traffickingen.pdf>.
‘Reply from “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” the Questionnaire for evaluation of the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Parties, 1st evaluation round’, reply submitted 29 May 2012, Council of Europe Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings, GRETA(2004)1, at <http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Source/Public_R_Q/GRETA_2014_1_RQ_MKD_public_en.pdf>.
‘Rešenie za dopolnuvan̂e na Rešenieto za imenuvan̂e nacionalen koordinator, negov zamenik, nacionalen izvestuvač za trgoviǰa so luǵe i ilegalna migraciǰa, sekretar i členovi na Nacionalnata komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 64, No. 168 (2008), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/2BC79AA0E05C5F4A959B74516D5A31D4.pdf>.
‘Standardni operativni proceduri za postapuvan̂e so žrtvi na trgoviǰa so luǵe’, revidirana verziǰa, October 2010, Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa, at <http://www.nacionalnakomisija.gov.mk/sites/default/files/prikachyvanja/ii‑_standardni_operativni_proceduri_‑_revidirani_‑_mkd.pdf>.
‘Strategiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰa so luǵe i ilegalna migraciǰa vo Republika Makedoniǰa 2006‑2009 godina’, Nacionalna komisiǰa za borba protiv trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa, at <http://www.nacionalnakomisija.gov.mk/mk/nacionalni‑akciski‑planovi‑i‑strategii/2006‑2009>.
‘Trafficking in Persons Report 2013’, U.S. Department of State, at <http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/>.
‘UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime’ and its Protocols, 15 November 2000, UN General Assembly, A/RES/55/25, at <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/a_res_55/res5525e.pdf>.
Vaknin S., ‘Human Trafficking in Macedonia and Kosovo’, Afro Articles, 6 March 2009, at <http://www.afroarticles.com/article‑dashboard/Article/Human‑Trafficking‑in‑Macedonia‑and‑Kosovo/157221>.
Velkoska V., Trgoviǰata so luǵe i ilegalnata migraciǰa percepirani od glavnite akteri vo krivičnata postapka, Skopǰe 2008.
‘Zakon za izmenuvan̂e i dopolnuvan̂e na Krivičniot Zakonik’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 58, No. 4 (2002), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/EBB3E415E04FCE48B572941187066BDC.pdf>.
‘Zakon za izmenuvan̂e i dopolnuvan̂e na Krivičniot Zakonik’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 60, No. 19 (2004), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/C8D46E8BD6830F418445D02699C773FB.pdf>.
‘Zakon za izmenuvan̂e i dopolnuvan̂e na Krivičniot Zakonik’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 65, No. 114 (2009), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/2A2D5314C418A34EA5D597CC923695D2.pdf>.
‘Zakon za sociǰalna zaštita’, Služben vesnik na Republika Makedoniǰa, Vol. 65, No. 79 (2009), at <http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/7CEA639634D1054DB351E7FB985665DC.pdf>.
‘Zakon za strancite (prečisten tekst)’, at <http://www.mvr.gov.mk/Uploads/Precisten%20zakon%20za%20strancite%2025.01.13.pdf>.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
