Polacy czy obywatele? Lud w programach polskich partii politycznych (2001-2023)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.22.2025.98.04Keywords:
people, manifestos, political parties, direct democracyAbstract
POLES OR CITIZENS? „PEOPLE” IN POLISH POLITICAL PARTIES’ MANIFESTOS (2001-2023)
This article examines the extent to which Polish political parties refer to “the people” in their manifestos. The analysis categorizes references to “the people” into six types: geographical (Poles, nation), legal (citizens), political (voters), economic (working people), moral (those who share similar values, religions, or worldviews), and general (people, everyone). It then determines what proportion of each party’s manifesto consists of such references. This study proposes a novel quantitative approach to the analysis of “the people” in party programs, aiming to identify whether systematic patterns or correlations exist. The analysis also identifies patterns such as emphasizing the people’s virtues, portraying them as a homogeneous group, or calling for their sovereignty – features that may indicate a party’s populist orientation. The research addresses which groups parties refer to and to what extent these references vary depending on time, parliamentary status (government vs. opposition), systemic presence (parliamentary vs. non-parliamentary), economic orientation, and position on the GAL-TAN axis.
Downloads
References
Badania nad dyskursem populistycznym. Wybrane podejścia, red. A. Stępińska, A. Lipiński, Poznań 2020.
View in Google Scholar
Canovan M., Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy, [w:] Democracies and the Populist Challenge, red. Y. Mény, Y. Surel, Basingstoke–New York 2002, s. 25-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403920072_2
View in Google Scholar
Canovan M., Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy, „Political Studies” 1999, vol. 47, no. 1, s. 2-16, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184
View in Google Scholar
Dzwończyk J., Demokracja bezpośrednia w Polsce jako instrument populistycznej polityki, „Horyzonty Polityki” 2018, t. 9, nr 28, s. 59-72.
View in Google Scholar
Hayward J., The Populist Challenge to Élitist Democracy in Europe, [w:] Elitism, Populism, and European Politics, red. J. Hayward, Oxford 1996, s. 10-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198280351.003.0002
View in Google Scholar
Hooghe L., Marks G., Bakker R., Jolly S., Polk J., Rovny J., Steenbergen M., Vachudova M., The Russian Threat and the Consolidation of the West: How Populism and EU-skepticism Shape Party Support for Ukraine, „European Union Politics” 2024, vol. 25, no. 3, s. 459-482, https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165241237136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165241237136
View in Google Scholar
Hooghe L., Marks G., Wilson C., Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?, „Comparative Political Studies” 2002, vol. 35, no. 8, s. 965-989, https://doi.org/10.1177/001041402236310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001041402236310
View in Google Scholar
Jagers J., Walgrave S., Populism as Political Communication Style: An Empirical Study of Political Parties’ Discourse in Belgium, „European Journal of Political Research” 2007, vol. 46, no. 3, s. 319-345, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x
View in Google Scholar
Jolly S., Bakker R., Hooghe L., Marks G., Polk J., Rovny J., Steenbergen M., Vachudova M., Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999-2019, „Electoral Studies” 2022, vol. 75, s. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102420
View in Google Scholar
Kołodziejczak M., Wrześniewska-Pietrzak M., Przywódca populistyczny i jego językowy obraz w aspekcie retoryki dominacji na podstawie wypowiedzi Pawła Kukiza. Perspektywa politologiczna i lingwistyczna, „Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza” 2017, t. 24(44), nr 1, s. 27-50, https://doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2017.24.1.2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2017.24.1.2
View in Google Scholar
Marczewska-Rytko M., Tendencje populistyczne we współczesnym ruchu chłopskim, [w:] Dzieje i przyszłość polskiego ruchu ludowego, t. 3: Przebudowa i przyszłość, red. K. Baścik, J. Zalewa, Warszawa 2002.
View in Google Scholar
Mudde C., An Ideational Approach, [w:] The Oxford Handbook of Populism, red. C.R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. Espejo, P. Ostiguy, Oxford 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.1
View in Google Scholar
Mudde C., The Populist Zeitgeist, „Government and Opposition” 2004, vol. 39, no. 4, s. 541-563, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
View in Google Scholar
Taggart P., Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics, [w:] Democracies and the Populist Challenge, red. Y. Mény, Y. Surel, Basingstoke–New York 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403920072_4
View in Google Scholar
Tokarczyk R., Współczesne doktryny polityczne, Warszawa 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Wrześniewska-Pietrzak M., Kołodziejczak M., Knocking Down the System: Populism in Paweł Kukiz’s Political Discourse, „Ethnolinguistics/Etnolingwistyka” 2018, vol. 29, s. 245-264, https://doi.org/10.17951/et.2017.29.225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/et.2017.29.225
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
