‘Dirty’ Right-Wing Populist Leader
Between Moral Relativism and Cynical Practices of Leadership Authority
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.23.2026.102.11Keywords:
political leadership, dirty hands, populism, Donald Trump, moral relativismAbstract
The aim of this article is to try to explain the phenomenon of dirty hands in political leadership as a manifestation of anti-political practices of gaining and maintaining political authority, especially Donald Trump’s leadership phenomenon. The starting point for discussing the phenomenon of ‘dirty’ leadership will be ethical relativism, which can be interpreted not only as a practical denial of the idea of axiological absolutism in politics (a state of diversity regarding moral attitudes among political actors), but also as a manifestation of cynical behavior of a political leader. The phenomenon of the ‘dirty’ leader not only challenges our ideas about ethics and leadership, it also reveals certain weaknesses of elite-driven liberal democracy, which illiberal elites around the world have used to their advantage and reflects a kind of anti-political politics associated with authoritarianism.
Downloads
References
Altham J.E., Harrison R. (ed.), Mind, World, and Ethics, Cambridge 1995.
View in Google Scholar
Antonakis J., “Charisma and the ‘New Leadership’,” in J. Antonakis, D.V. Day (eds), Nature of Leadership, London 2018, pp. 56-81.
View in Google Scholar
Arrington R.L., Rationalism, Realism. and Relativism. Perspectives in Contemporary Moral Epistemology, Ithaca–London 1989.
View in Google Scholar
Bass B.M., Riggio R.E., Transformational Leadership, 2nd edition, New Jersey 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Björklund F., Björnsson G., Eriksonn J. et al., “Recent Work on Motivational Internalism,” Analysis, vol. 72, no. 1 (2012), pp. 124-137, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/anr118.
View in Google Scholar
Brandt R., “Ethical Relativism,” in P.K. Moser, T.L. Carson (eds), Moral Relativism. A Reader, New York–Oxford 2001, pp. 25-31.
View in Google Scholar
Brink D., Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics, Cambridge 1989.
View in Google Scholar
Burns J.M., Leadership, New York 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Ciulla J.B., Forsyth D.R., “Leadership Ethics,” in A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint et al. (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Leadership, London 2011, pp. 229-241.
View in Google Scholar
Ciulla J.B., The Search for Ethics in Leadership, Business, and Beyond, Cham 2020.
View in Google Scholar
Conger J.A., “Charismatic Leadership,” in A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint et al. (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Leadership, London 2011, pp. 86-102.
View in Google Scholar
Darwall S., “Internalism and Agency,” Philosophical Perspectives, vol. 6 (1992), pp. 155-174, https://doi.org/10.2307/2214243.
View in Google Scholar
DuBrin A.J., Leadership. Research Findings, Practice, and Skills, 10th edition, Boston 2022.
View in Google Scholar
Dworkin G., “Contractualism and the Normativity of Principles,” Ethics, vol. 112, no. 3 (2002), pp. 471-482, https://doi.org/10.1086/338482.
View in Google Scholar
Eatwell R., Goodwin M., National Populism. The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy, London 2018.
View in Google Scholar
Fitzi G., Mackert J., Turner B.S., Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, vol. 1: Concepts and Theory, London–New York 2019.
View in Google Scholar
Gauthier D., Morals by Agreement, New York 1986.
View in Google Scholar
Hawkins K., “Chavismo, Liberal Democracy, and Radical Democracy,” Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 19 (2016), pp. 311-329, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-072314-113326.
View in Google Scholar
Hawkins K., “Populism in Venezuela. The Rise of Chavismo,” Third World Quarterly, vol. 24 no. 6 (2003), pp. 1137-1160, https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590310001630107.
View in Google Scholar
Hetland G., “Capitalism and Authoritarianism in Maduro’s Venezuela,” New Labor Forum, vol. 34, no. 2 (2025), pp. 62-69, https://doi.org/10.1177/10957960251332582
View in Google Scholar
Hollis M., Lukes S. (ed.), Rationality and Relativism, Cambridge 1982.
View in Google Scholar
Karwat M., “Charyzma i pseudocharyzma,” Studia Politologiczne, vol. 5 (2000), pp. 126-175.
View in Google Scholar
Kim M., Hahl O., Poskanzer E. et al., “When Truth Trumps Facts: Studies on Partisan Moral Flexibility in American Politics,” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 130, no. 1 (2024), pp. 1-69, https://doi.org/10.1086/73076.
View in Google Scholar
Locke J., Second Treatise of Government, ed. C.B. Mcpherson, Indianapolis 1980.
View in Google Scholar
Machiavelli N., Selected Political Writings, ed. and trans D. Wootton, Indianapolis 1994.
View in Google Scholar
Machiavelli N., The Prince, New York 2017.
View in Google Scholar
MacIntyre A., A Short History of Ethics. A History of Moral Philosophy from the Homeric Age to the Twentieth Century, London 1998.
View in Google Scholar
Mandelbaum M., “Subjective, Objective, and Conceptual Relativism,” in J.W. Meiland, M. Krausz (eds), Relativism. Cognitive and Moral, Notre Dame–London 1982, pp. 45-47.
View in Google Scholar
Martin M.W., Self-Deception and Morality, Kansas 1986.
View in Google Scholar
Mele A.R., Irrationality. An Essay on Akrasia, Self-Deception, and Self-Control, New York–London 1987.
View in Google Scholar
Milo R.D., Immorality, Princeton–New Jersey 1984.
View in Google Scholar
Mudde C. (ed.), The Populist Radical Right. A Reader, London–New York 2017.
View in Google Scholar
Mudde C., Kaltwasser C.R. (eds), Populism in Europe and the Americas. Threat or Corrective for Democracy?, Cambridge 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Newton-Smith W., “Relativism and Possibility of Interpretation,” in M. Hollis, S. Lukes (ed.), Rationality and Relativism, Cambridge 1982, pp. 106-122.
View in Google Scholar
Norris P., Inglehart R., Cultural Backlash. Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism, Cambridge 2019.
View in Google Scholar
Pettit P., “A Consequentialist Perspective on Contractualism,” Theoria, vol. 66, no. 3 (2000), pp. 228-236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.2000.tb01165.x.
View in Google Scholar
Price T.L., Leadership Ethics. An Introduction, Cambridge 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Price T.L., Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership, Cambridge 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Reibetanz S., “Contractualism and Aggregation,” Ethics, vol. 108, no. 2 (1998), pp. 296-311, https://doi.org/10.1086/233806.
View in Google Scholar
Rosanvallon P., Counter-Democracy. Politics in an Age of Distrust, Cambridge 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Scanlon T.M., What We Owe to Each Other, Cambridge 1998.
View in Google Scholar
Siegel H., “Relativism,” in I. Niiniluoto, M. Sintonen, J. Woleński (eds), Handbook of Epistemology, Dordrecht–Boston–London 2004, pp. 747-777.
View in Google Scholar
Thaler K.M., “Nicaragua. A Return to Caudillismo,” Journal of Democracy, vol. 28 no. 2 (2017), pp. 157-169, https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0032.
View in Google Scholar
Traverso E., The New Faces of Fascism. Populism and the Far Right, London 2019.
View in Google Scholar
Walzer M., “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands,” in Thinking Politically. Essays in Political Theory, selected and ed. D. Miller, New Haven–London 2007, pp. 278-295.
View in Google Scholar
Willimas B., Moral Luck. Philosophical Papers 1973-1980, Cambridge 1981.
View in Google Scholar
Williams B., Morality. An Introduction to Ethics, Cambridge 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Yaffe H., “Venezuela:Building a Socialist Communal Economy?,” International Critical Thought, vol. 5 no. 1 (2015), pp. 23-41, https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.996178.
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
