Środowisko operacyjne prowincji Ghazni 2009-2014 w procesie PCR
Udział kobiet w operacjonalizacji kultury
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.23.2026.103.06Keywords:
PCR, Polish Military Contingent (PMC), women, Afghanistan, operationalisation of cultureAbstract
THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF GHAZNI 2009-2014 PROVINCE IN THE PCR PROCESS: WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN OPERATIONALIZATION OF CULTURE
The article examines the role of women in the operational environment of Ghazni Province, Afghanistan, during intensified counterinsurgency operations (2009-2014), focusing on the Polish Military Contingent and the post-conflict reconstruction process. It analyzes how gender dynamics shaped the operationalization of culture and whether women were integrated into operational planning. The study is based on qualitative interviews and analysis of NATO and doctrinal documents. The findings indicate that women played a significant role in cultural mediation, communication, and stabilization efforts. However, their contribution remained informal and was not systematically embedded in mission design. Cultural awareness was applied in an ad hoc manner rather than as a structured planning component. The article concludes that integrating gender- sensitive cultural analysis could enhance operational effectiveness. Women should be recognized as integral actors within the security and reconstruction architecture.
Downloads
References
Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization (CSO) Estimated Population 2014-2015, [online] https://reliefweb.int/map/afghanistan/afghanistan-central-statistics-organization-cso-estimated-population-2014-2015.
View in Google Scholar
Ahmed I., Does Gender Shape the War System and Vice Versa?, [online] https://www.e-ir.info/2014/11/16/does-gender-shape-the-war-system-and-vice-versa/.
View in Google Scholar
Ansary T., City/Rural: Women and the Urban–Rural Divide in Afghanistan, afghaniyat@yahoogroups.com, 21 II 2002, za: S. Barakat, G. Wardell, Exploited by Whom? An Alternative Perspective on Humanitarian Assistance to Afghan Women, „Third World Quarterly” 2002, vol. 23, no. 5.
View in Google Scholar
Antúnez J.C., Understanding the Operational Environment: The Human Dimension, „Global Strategy Report” 2021, no. 1, [online] https://global-strategy.org/understandingthe-operational-environment-the-human-dimension/.
View in Google Scholar
Arystofanes, Lizystrata, przeł. O. Śmiechowicz, Katowice 2022.
View in Google Scholar
Ayotte K.J., Husain M.E., Securing Afghan Women: Neocolonialism, Epistemic Violence, and the Rhetoric of the Veil, „National Women’s Studies Association Journal” 2005, vol. 17, no. 3, s. 112-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/NWS.2005.17.3.112
View in Google Scholar
Bados V., Martínez-Ferrer J., Lavella L., Guidelines for Commanders and Staffs: Operationalization of Culture in Military Operations. Best Practices, SP Tradoc, Granada 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA562036
View in Google Scholar
Barakat S., Wardell G., Exploited by Whom? An Alternative Perspective on Humanitarian Assistance to Afghan Women, „Third World Quarterly” 2002, vol. 23, no. 5, s. 909-930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659022000028585
View in Google Scholar
Bari F., Women’s Political Participation: Issues and Challenges, United Nations, Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), 3 XI 2005.
View in Google Scholar
Bell Ch., O’Rourke C., Peace Agreements or ‘Pieces of Paper’?: The Impact of UNSC Resolution 1325 on Peace Processes and Their Agreements, „International and Comparative Law Quarterly” 2010, vol. 59, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002058931000062X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002058931000062X
View in Google Scholar
Bi-Strategic Command Directive 040-001 (Public Version) Integrating Gender Perspective Into The Nato Command Structure, 20 X 2021, [online] https://www.act.nato.int/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Bi-SCD_040-001.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Boserup E., Rola kobiet w rozwoju gospodarczym, [w:] Kobiety, gender i globalny rozwój. Wybór tekstów, red. N. Visvanathan, L. Duggan, N. Wiegersma, L. Nisonoff, Warszawa 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Cockburn C., Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War: A Feminist Standpoint, [w:] Making Gender, Making War: Violence, Military and Peacekeeping Practices, red. A. Kronsell, E. Svedberg, London 2011, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616741003665169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616741003665169
View in Google Scholar
Danielewicz K., Operacja „Moshtarak”. Pierwszy praktyczny test nowej strategii COIN w Afganistanie, „Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka” 2010, nr 3-4.
View in Google Scholar
Dupree N.H., Afghan Women under the Taliban, [w:] Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban, red. W. Maley, London 1998.
View in Google Scholar
Dupree N.H., Rahimi F., Women in Afghanistan, Liestal 1986.
View in Google Scholar
Enloe C., Bananas, Beaches and Bases Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520957282
View in Google Scholar
Galula D., Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice, New York–London 1964.
View in Google Scholar
Ghiasy R., Development and Human Security in Afghanistan, [w:] R. Ghiasy, IV. Relief and Development in Dangerous Places, „SIPRI Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security” 2016.
View in Google Scholar
Hyndman D., Flower S., The Crisis of Cultural Intelligence: The Anthropology of Civil-Military Operations, Singapore 2019, https://doi.org/10.1142/11082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/11082
View in Google Scholar
Kandiyoti D., The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan, „UNRISD Occasional Paper”, No. 4, United Nations Research Institute For Social Development, II 2005.
View in Google Scholar
Kilcullen D., Counterinsurgency, Oxford 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Kilcullen D., The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One, Oxford 2009.
View in Google Scholar
Krause J., Olsson L., Women’s Participation in Peace Processes, [w:] Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes, red. R. Mac Ginty, J. Darby, Cham 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82962-9_6
View in Google Scholar
Kvarving L.P., Grimes R., Why and How Gender Is Vital to Military Operations, [w:] Handbook on Teaching Gender in the Military, Geneva 2016.
View in Google Scholar
Laura Bush on Taliban Oppression of Women, „The Washington Post”, 17 XI 2001, [online] https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/laurabushtext_111701.html.
View in Google Scholar
Letort D., Looking Back into Abu Ghraib: Standard Operating Procedure (Erroll Morris, 2008), „Media, War & Conflict” 2013, vol. 6, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/175063521 3502139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635213502139
View in Google Scholar
Locher B., Prügl E., Feminism and Constructivism: Worlds Apart or Sharing the Middle Ground?, „International Studies Quarterly” 2001, vol. 45, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00184
View in Google Scholar
McLeod L., Experiences, Reflections, and Learning: Feminist Organizations, Security Discourse and SCR 1325, [w:] Making Gender, Making War: Violence, Military and Peacekeeping Practices, red. A. Kronsell, E. Svedberg, London 2011.
View in Google Scholar
Metz S., Counterinsurgency: Strategy and the Phoenix of American Capability, US Army War College USAWC Press, 2 I 1995.
View in Google Scholar
Minnich J.M., Societal Violence Against Women and National Insecurity: The Need for Gendered Security, [w:] Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking about Security in The Indo-Pacific, red. A.L. Vuving, Honolulu 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3476143
View in Google Scholar
Moghadam V.M., Patriarchy, the Taleban, and Politics of Public Space in Afghanistan, „Women’s Studies International Forum” 2002, vol. 25, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00224-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00224-8
View in Google Scholar
Norell M., COIN in Afghanistan: Winning the Battles, Losing the War?, FOI. Swedish Defence Research Agency, III 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Oettler A., The Struggle for Gendered Peace and LGBT Rights in Colombia, „Violence, Security, and Peace Working Papers” 2019, no. 2.
View in Google Scholar
Olzacka E., „Kulturowy zwrot” w badaniu i prowadzeniu wojen – nowa perspektywa analityczna, „Zeszyty Naukowe AON” 2012, z. 4(89), s. 305-320.
View in Google Scholar
Olzacka E., Wojna a kultura. Nowożytna rewolucja militarna w Europie Zachodniej i Rosji, Kraków 2016.
View in Google Scholar
Petraeus D.H., Mattis J.M., Field Manual, no. 3-24: Counterinsurgency, Washington 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Preventing Conflict, Transforming Justice, Securing the Peace: A Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, UN Women, 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Prügl E., Gender and War: Causes, Constructions, and Critique, „Perspectives on Politics” 2003, vol. 1, no. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592703000252
View in Google Scholar
Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes, red. M. O’Reilly, A. Ó Súilleabháin, T. Paffenholz, New York 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Rosamond A., Kronsell A., Cosmopolitan Militaries and Dialogic Peacekeeping: Danish and Swedish Women Soldiers in Afghanistan, „International Feminist Journal of Politics” 2018, vol. 20, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2017.1378449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2017.1378449
View in Google Scholar
Salmoni B.A., Holmes-Eber P., Operational Culture for the Warfighter: Principles and Applications, Washington 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Schreiber H., Świadomość międzykulturowa. Od militaryzacji antropologii do antropologizacji wojska, Warszawa 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323520559
View in Google Scholar
Scott J., Gender and the Politics of History, New York 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/scot91266
View in Google Scholar
Sen A., Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198284632.001.0001
View in Google Scholar
Smith R., Przydatność siły militarnej. Sztuka wojenna we współczesnym świecie, przeł. A. Maziarska, J. Maziarski, Warszawa 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Stone L., Annex II: Quantitative Analysis of Women’s Participation in Peace Processes, [w:] Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes, red. M. O’Reilly, A. Ó Súilleabháin, T. Paffenholz, New York 2015.
View in Google Scholar
Tapscott R., Militarized Masculinity and The Paradox of Restraint: Mechanisms of Social Control Under Modern Authoritarianism, „International Affairs” 2020, vol. 96, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa163
View in Google Scholar
Tomasik T., Wojna, męskość, literatura, Słupsk 2013.
View in Google Scholar
Trochowska K., Operacjonalizacja kultury w przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom asymetrycznym, „Zeszyty Naukowe AON” 2013, z. 3(92).
View in Google Scholar
Trochowska K., „Zdobywanie serc i umysłów” od kuchni. Amerykańskie doświadczenia w operacjonalizacji kultury dla potrzeb wojskowych, „Politeja” 2014, vol. 11, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.28.09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.28.09
View in Google Scholar
UN Data A World of Information, [online] https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3A1.
View in Google Scholar
Whitt J.E., Dangerous Liaisons: The Context and Consequences of Operationalizing Military Chaplains, „Military Review” 2012, vol. 92, no. 2.
View in Google Scholar
Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections Between Presence and Influence, UN Women, 2012.
View in Google Scholar
Wunderle W., Through the Lens of Cultural Awareness: A Primer for US Armed Forces Deploying to Arab and Middle Eastern Countries, Cansas 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
