Islamska Republika Iranu wobec Europy Środkowo‑Wschodniej na tle wojny w Ukrainie
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.20.2023.87.05Keywords:
Iran, Ukraine, Poland, Russia, war, strategyAbstract
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN TOWARDS CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE UPON THE BACKGROUND OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE
The article attempts to analyze the politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the Central and Eastern Europe during the war conflict in Ukraine, 2022. The aim of the study is to describe the tactic and strategic approach of the IRI to the abovementioned problem in order to answer the question about the power shift in Central Asia. An additional aim is to show the image of the USA and NATO as created by the IRI, and to point to the role of Poland in the IRI’s tactical actions to sustain positive relations with Europe. The role of Russia, one of the most influential actors both in the European and in the Eurasian areas cannot be omitted.
Downloads
References
Abassy M., Kultura wobec postępu i modernizacji. Rosja i Iran w perspektywie porównawczej, Kraków 2013.
View in Google Scholar
Abassy M., Modernizacja w cieniu Allaha. Współczesny Iran, Kraków 2019.
View in Google Scholar
Abassy M., Polityka kulturalna Islamskiej Republiki Iranu w Federacji Rosyjskiej: wizerunek kraju jako narzędzie geopolityki, [w:] Geopolityka Rosji i obszaru postsowieckiego, red. L. Sykulski, Warszawa–Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 2020, s. 146-156.
View in Google Scholar
Antolak R., Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942, Pars Times. Greater Iran and Beyond, [online] http://www.parstimes.com/history/polish_refugees/exodus_russia.html.
View in Google Scholar
Avdaliani E., Iran Gives Russia Two and a Half Cheers, CEPA, 13 V 2022, [online] https://cepa.org/iran-gives-russia-two-and-a-half-cheers.
View in Google Scholar
Axworthy M., Revolutionary Iran. A History of the Islamic Republic, London 2014.
View in Google Scholar
Balczyński P., Historia stosunków polsko-irańskich, [w:] Historia Iranu, red. A. Krasnowolska, Wrocław 2010.
View in Google Scholar
Beeman W.O., The „Great Satan” vs. the „Mad Mullahs”. How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other, Chicago 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Buchta W., Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic, Washington 2000.
View in Google Scholar
Carewa M., Lakstygal I.I., Rossija wyszła iż Sowieta po prawam czełowieka OON, Wedomosti [Царева М., Лакстыгал И.И., Россия вышла из Совета по правам человека ООН, Ведомости], 7 IV 2022, [online] https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2022/04/07/917181-rossiya-vishla-iz-soveta.
View in Google Scholar
Carmi O., Reading Through Iran’s Nuclear Demands, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 24 XI 2021, [online] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/reading-through-irans-nuclear-demands.
View in Google Scholar
Chamenei A., If We Retreat from Peaceful Nuclear Energy, Country’s Development Will Be Impeded, 27 II 2022, [online] https://english.khamenei.ir/news/8865/If-we-retreat-frompeaceful-nuclear-energy-country-s-development.
View in Google Scholar
Chamenei A., We Are Not Pursuing a Nuclear Bomb [fragment wystąpienia w języku perskim z angielskimi napisami], 20 II 2022, [online] https://english.khamenei.ir/news/8871/We-are-not-pursuing-a-nuclear-bomb.
View in Google Scholar
Citrinowicz D., Explainer: Iran’s Nuclear Capabilities, United States Institute of Peace. The Iran Primer, 21 III 2022, [online] https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/mar/21/explainer-iran%E2%80%99s-nuclear-capabilities.
View in Google Scholar
Cohen B., Raisi in Russia, United States Institute of Peace. The Iran Primer, 21 I 2022, [online] https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/jan/21/raisi-russia.
View in Google Scholar
Coville T., Najnowsza historia Iranu. Republika Islamska, przeł. K. Pachniak, Warszawa 2009.
View in Google Scholar
Czulda R., What’s Behind the Middle East Summit in Poland?, Atlantic Council, 18 I 2019,
View in Google Scholar
[online] https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/what-s-behind-the-middleeast-summit-in-poland/.
View in Google Scholar
Excerpt: Guardians of the Revolution, Council on Foreign Relations, [online] http://www.cfr.org/excerpt-guardians-revolution.
View in Google Scholar
Explanation of Vote of the Islamic Republic of Iran On UNGA Draft Resolution „A/EE-11/L.1” Before the UN General Assembly Eleventh Emergency Special Session on Ukraine, New York, 2 III 2022, [online] https://newyork.mfa.ir/portal/product/8669/451/Explanation-of-Vote-of-the-Islamic-Republic-of-Iran-on-Resolution-of-UNGA-Special-Session-on-Ukraine.
View in Google Scholar
Faruqi A., Forgotten Polish Exodus to Persia, „The Washington Post” 2000, 23 XI, [online] https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/23/forgotten-polish-exodus-to-persia/2b106c08-e61c-4c36-8102-fb2e114c9bff/?noredirect=on.
View in Google Scholar
Hate Speech, Cambridge Dictionary, [online] https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/hate-speech.
View in Google Scholar
Iran (Islamic Republic of)’s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989, [online] https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989.pdf ?lang=en.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Economic Monitor, Fall 2021: Adapting to the New Normal – A Protracted Pandemic and Ongoing Sanctions, World Bank, Washington, [online] https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36785.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Exports to Poland Have Grown: Customs Spox., Iran Press News Agency, 8 V 2022, [online] https://iranpress.com/content/58448/iran-exports-poland-have-grown-customsspox.
View in Google Scholar
Iran FM Says Diplomacy Is Only Solution to Ukraine War, „Tehran Times” 2022, 8 V, [online] https://www.tehrantimes.com/nws/472389/Iran-FM-says-diplomacy-is-only-solutionto-Ukraine-war.
View in Google Scholar
Iran, Islamic Republic, 29 IV 2022, [online] https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/810065c-29954527b3ae9f2b2586188bb-0280012022/original/mpo-sm22-iran-irn-kcm3.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Ready to Play Diplomatic Role to Help Bring Peace Back to Ukraine, 27 II 2022, [online] https://www.president.ir/en/134829.
View in Google Scholar
Iran, Ukraine Discuss Protecting Diplomatic Missions, Sending Humanitarian Aid, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 14 IV 2022, [online] https://irangov.ir/detail/384414.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Underlines Strategic Relations with Russia, „Tehran Times” 2022, 17 V, [online] https://www.tehrantims.com/news/472702/Iran-underlines-strategic-relations-with-Russia.
View in Google Scholar
Iran Wants to Resume Mediation Efforts between Russia and Ukraine, 17 V 2022, [online] https://news.am/eng/news/702271.html.
View in Google Scholar
Iran’s Economic Strategy in Confronting Sanctions, 12 VII 2022, [online] https://english.khamenei.ir/news/7739/Iran-s-economic-strategy-in-confronting-sanctions.
View in Google Scholar
Iran’s Position on Ukraine War Explained, „Tehran Times” 2022, 25 II, [online] https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/470492/Iran-s-position-on-Ukraine-war-explained.
View in Google Scholar
Iranians’ Attitudes toward International Relations: A 2021 Survey Report, GAMAAN,27 X 2021, [online] https://gamaan.org/2021/10/27/iraniansattitudes-toward-international-relations-a-2021-survey-report/.
View in Google Scholar
Iranians’ Attitudes toward Political Systems: A 2022 Survey Report, GAMAAN, 31 III 2022, [online] https://gamaan.org/2022/03/31/political-systems-survey-english/.
View in Google Scholar
Karmi O., Khamenei Breaks His Silence on the Nuclear Negotiations, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 17 II 2022, [online] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khamenei-breaks-his-silence-nuclear-negotiations.
View in Google Scholar
Khajehpour B., Iran’s Dilemmas in the Aftermath of the Ukraine Crisis, Valdai. Discussion Club, 29 IV 2022, [online] https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/iran-s-dilemmasin-the-aftermath-of-the-ukraine/.
View in Google Scholar
Khamenei A., Reforms, Strategies, Challenges, 10 VII 2020, [online] https://english.khamenei.ir/news/170/Reforms-Strategies-Challenges.
View in Google Scholar
Khalaji M., Clawson P., Khamenei’s Silence: Iranian Reactions to the Nuclear Framework, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 3 IV 2015, [online] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-silence-iranian-reactions-nuclear-framework.
View in Google Scholar
Krizis w Ukrainie i nacjonalnyje interesy Irana, Rossijskoje Informacionne Agientstwo [Кризис в Украине и национальные интересы Ирана, Российское Информационное Агентство], 16 V 2022, [online] https://iran.ru/news/analytics/120410/Krizis_v_Ukraine_i_nacionalnye_interesy_Irana.
View in Google Scholar
Mahmood M., The Political System of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Delhi 2006.
View in Google Scholar
Maj E., Poland’s Double Game Strategy During the US-Iranian Crises (1979-1988), „Cold War History” 2021, vol. 21, no. 2, https://doi.org.10.1080/14682745.2019.1581767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2019.1581767
View in Google Scholar
Mazhari M., Ukraine War Is a Russia-US Confrontation Where Ukraine Has Only Become a Casualty: Researcher, „Tehran Times” 2022, 26 IV, [online] https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/472102/Ukraine-war-is-a-Russia-US-confrontation-where-Ukraine-has-only.
View in Google Scholar
Milion dawek szczepionek od Polski dla Iranu. „Wyraz solidarności z krajem, z którym łączą nas wielowiekowe relacje”, Polskie Radio 24, 21 X 2021, [online] https://polskieradio24.
View in Google Scholar
pl/5/1222/Artykul/2831283,Milion-dawek-szczepionek-od-Polski-dla-Iranu-Wyrazsolidarnosci-z-krajem-z-ktorym-lacza-nas-wielowiekowe-relacje.
View in Google Scholar
Moore E.D., Russia–Iran Relations Since the End of the Cold War, London–New York 2014, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315815664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315815664
View in Google Scholar
Nada G., Iran Blames US, West for Ukraine War, United States Institute of Peace. The Iran Primer, 3 III 2022, [online] https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/mar/03/iran-blamesus-west-ukraine-war.
View in Google Scholar
Nasirzadeh A., Bahran-e Ukrain dars-e amuz ast. Qodrat bazdarande nadaszte baszim, zarbe michorim [Kryzys ukraiński to lekcja. Nie mając siły odstraszającej, zostajemy uderzeni], 28 II 2022, [online] https://www.javanonline.ir/fa/news/1080599/.میروخ یم-هبرض-میشاب-هتشادن-هدنرادزاب-تردق-تسا-زومآ سرد-نیارکوا-نارحب
View in Google Scholar
New Digest. Week of March, 14, United States Institute of Peace. The Iran Primer, 16 III 2022, [online] https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/mar/16/news-digest-week-march-14.
View in Google Scholar
Open Letter to the US and Iranian Leadership on the Iran Nuclear Deal, European Leadership Network, 26 IV 2022, [online] https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/group-statement/european-diplomats-and-politicians-express-concern-over-stagnating-irannuclear-deal/.
View in Google Scholar
Pakaein M., Crisis in Ukraine and Iran National Interests, Mehr News Agency, 15 V 2022, [online] https://en.mehrnews.com/news/186799/Crisis-in-Ukraine-and-Iran-national-interests.
View in Google Scholar
Parsi T., Treacherous Alliance. The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States, New Haven 2008.
View in Google Scholar
Parsi T., Losing an Enemy. Obama, Iran, and the Triumph of Diplomacy, New Haven 2017.
View in Google Scholar
Podrobnosti strategiczeskowo pisma ajatołły Chamanei prezidentu Rossii [Подробности стратегического письма аятоллы Хаменеи президенту России], oficjalna strona Najwyższego Przywódcy IRI Alego Chamenei, 16 II 2021, [online] https://russian.khamenei.ir/news/4702.
View in Google Scholar
Poland Expresses Readiness to Cooperate with Iran, Iran Press News Agency, 17 X 2021, [online] https://iranpress.com/content/48947/poland-expresses-readiness-cooperate-with-iran.
View in Google Scholar
Poles Raise Money to Buy New Lorry for Stranded Iranian, BBC News, 20 XII 2019, [online] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50862119, Polish-Iranian Consultations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Republic of Poland, 11 III 2022, [online] https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/polish-iranian-consultations.
View in Google Scholar
Prezident Irana wystupił na plenarnom zasiedanii GD. Sejjed Ebrahim Raisi zatronuł temu razwitija otnoszenij mieżdu Iranom i Rossijej i bor’by s terrorizmom i ekspansijej NATO, Gosudarstwiennaja Duma [Президент Ирана выступил на пленарном заседании ГД. Сейед Эбрахим Раиси затронул тему развития отношений между Ираном и Россией и борьбы с терроризмом и экспансией НАТО, Государственная дума], [online] http://duma.gov.ru/news/53251/.
View in Google Scholar
Robinson R., What Is the Iran Nuclear Deal, Council on Foreign Relations, updated 28 IV 2022, [online] https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-iran-nuclear-deal.
View in Google Scholar
Rosja zawieszona w Radzie Praw Człowieka ONZ. Chiny były przeciw, 7 IV 2022, [online] https://www.rp.pl/dyplomacja/art36034631-rosja-zawieszona-w-radzie-praw-czlowiekaonz-chiny-byly-przeciw.
View in Google Scholar
Segall M., „Fools in Warsaw”: Iran Slams Poland for Hosting „Anti-Iranian” Conference, Jerusalim Center for Public Affairs, 16 I 2019, [online] https://jcpa.org/fools-inwarsaw-iran-slams-poland-for-hosting-anti-iranian-conference/.
View in Google Scholar
Takeyh R., The Ukraine Crisis Could Sideline Iran Nuclear Deal, Council on Foreign Relations, 14 III 2022, [online] https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/ukraine-crisis-could-sideline-irannuclear-deal.
View in Google Scholar
Therme C., Iran and Russia in the Middle East: Toward a Reginal Alliance?, „Middle East Journal” 2018, vol. 72, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.3751/72.4.11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3751/72.4.11
View in Google Scholar
Therme C., The Russian-Iran Partnership in a Multipolar World, Institut français des relations internationales, Russie.NEI.Reports, no. 37, III 2022.
View in Google Scholar
„They’ve Been Angels to Me”: Poles Rally to Help Stranded Iranian Truck Driver Get Home, „The Tehran Times” 2019, 20 XII, [online] https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/443220/They-ve-been-angels-to-me-Poles-rally-to-help-stranded-Iranian.
View in Google Scholar
Timeline of Diplomacy Under Biden, United States Institute of Peace. The Iran Primer, updated 21 V 2022, [online] https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2021/apr/02/new-talks-timelinediplomacy-under-biden.
View in Google Scholar
Ukraine. Farin Kazemi Who Was Once Helped by Poles, Set Off with Poles to Transport Animal Food to Ukraine, Polish News, 21 III 2022, [online] https://polishnews.co.uk/ukrainefardin-kazemi-an-iranian-driver-who-was-once-helped-by-poles-set-off-with-poles-totransport- animal-food-to-ukraine/.
View in Google Scholar
United States Institute of Peace. The Iranian Primer, United States Institute of Peace, [online] https://www.usip.org/programs/iran-primer.
View in Google Scholar
Ward A., The US Held a Global Summit to Isolate Iran. America Isolated Itself Instead, VOX, 15 II 2019, [online] https://www.vox.com/world/2019/2/15/18225218/warsaw-summit-2019-iran-meeting-conference.
View in Google Scholar
Żukow D., Iran: ot Chomeini do Chamenei, Moskwa [Жуков Д., Иран: от Хомейни до Хаменеи, Москва] 2017.
View in Google Scholar
Chomeini M.P., Recz semndacataja, prozniesiena 14 nojabrja 1965 goda [Хомеини М.Р., Речь семнадцатая, произнесена 14 ноября 1965 года], [w:] D. Żukow, Nebo nad Iranom jasnoje.
View in Google Scholar
Oczerk politiczeskoj bor’by Imama Chomeini, Moskwa [Д. Жуков, Небо над Ираном ясное. Очерк политической биографии Имама Хомейни, Москва] 1999, [online] https://iran1979.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Dmitry_Zhukov_-_Put_k_svobode_Imam_Khomeyni_1.pdf.
View in Google Scholar
Varzi Ch.M., The Complex Story of Polish Refugees in Iran, Al Jazeera, 3 VI 2017, [online] https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/6/3/the-complex-story-of-polish-refugees-in-iran.
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
