Pomoc rozwojowa w Palestynie: mylne założenia i podtrzymywanie status quo?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.61.18Keywords:
development aid, foreign aid, Palestine, Palestinian Autonomy, development, postcolonialismAbstract
Development Aid in Palestine: Wrong Assumptions and Maintaining the status quo?
This article is focused on critically analyzing the main assumptions on which development aid for Palestine is based, in the context of the present political and economic situation in the Palestinian territories, especially the West Bank (which is governed by the Palestinian National Authority). Palestinian Autonomy is one of the main receivers of development aid in the world. However, development assistance has a certain structure, which is based on certain assumptions of the donors. In the case of Palestine, these include that development aid leads to real economic growth and building an independent Palestinian statehood, that it supports the peace process and the two-state solution, that it is politically neutral, and that the donors are acting in the best interests of beneficiaries. Those assumptions are challenged here.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Abdelnour S., Aid Industry Doing No Harm in Palestine?, „The Electronic Intifada”, 22 III 2011, [online] https://electronicintifada.net/content/aid-industry-doing-no-harm-palestine/9826.
Google Scholar
Bahmad L., Palestinian Non-Governmental Organisations Caught between Reality and Challenges, 2007, [online] https://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-200709101919/3/DissertationBahmad.pdf.
Google Scholar
Barsalou J., Missing the Mark: Foreign Aid to the Palestinians, „Middle East Policy” 2003, Vol. 10, nr 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-1924.2003.00129.x.
Google Scholar
Bourguignon F., Sundberg M., Aid Effectiveness – Opening the Black Box, „American Economic Review” 2007, Vol. 97, nr 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.316.
Google Scholar
Brown N.J., Time to Rethink, But Not Abandon, International Aid to Palestinians, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 7 XII 2018, [online] https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/12/17/time-to-rethink-but-not-abandon-international-aid-to-palestinians-pub-77985.
Google Scholar
Brynen R., Donor Aid to Palestine: Attitudes, Incentives, Patronage and Peace, [w:] Aid, Diplomacy and Facts on the Ground. The Case of Palestine, red. M. Keating, A. Le More, R. Lowe, London 2005.
Google Scholar
Burton G., The Use and Limitations of Conflict Analysis: the Case of the UNDP in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, „Conflict, Security & Development” 2012, Vol. 12, nr 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2012.724788.
Google Scholar
Castel-Branco C.N., Aid Dependency and Development: a Question of Ownership? A Critical View, IESE Working Paper 2008, nr 1, Maputo, [online] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Castel-Branco/publication/284721162_Aid_Dependency_and_Development_a_Question_of_Ownership/links/5657343808ae4988a7b53058/Aid-Dependency-and-Development-a-Question-of-Ownership.pdf.
Google Scholar
Challand B., Civil Society, Autonomy and Donors. International Aid to Palestinian NGOs, Florence 2006, EUI Working Papers. RSC, 20.
Google Scholar
Challand B., Palestinian Civil Society. Foreign Donors and the Power to Promote and Exclude, London 2008, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884560.
Google Scholar
Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations, „OECD Journal on Development” 2009, Vol. 9, nr 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art27-en.
Google Scholar
Deklaracja zasad dotyczących przejściowych ustaleń w sprawie samodzielnego sprawowania rządów (porozumienia z Oslo I), 1993, [online] http://cis.uchicago.edu/oldsite/sites/cis.uchicago.edu/files/resources/CIS-090213-israelpalestine_38-1993DeclarationofPrinciples_OsloAccords.pdf.
Google Scholar
Despite Funding Crisis, Palestine Refugee Classrooms Set to Stay Open, Says UNRWA, UN News, 8 XI 2018, [online] https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1025211.
Google Scholar
Development Aid at a Glance, OECD, [online] http://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-developmen//development-finance-data/aid-at-a-glance.htm.
Google Scholar
Development Aid at a Glance, Statistics by Region. 4. Asia, OECD, [online] http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/documentupload/Asia-Development-Aid-at-a-Glance.pdf.
Google Scholar
DeVoir J., Tartir A., Tracking External Donor Funding to Palestinian Non Governmental Organizations in the West Bank and Gaza 1999-2008, Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS), Jerusalem 2009.
Google Scholar
Easterly W., Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?, „Journal of Economic Perspectives” 2003, Vol. 17, nr 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204344.
Google Scholar
Easterly W., The White Man’s Burden. Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good, London 2006.
Google Scholar
Economic Developments in Recent Months 137: October 2013 until March 2014, Bank of Israel, Research Department, VI 2014, [online] http://www.boi.org.il/he/NewsAndPublications/RegularPublications/DocLib3/RecentEconomicDevelopments/develop137h.pdf.
Google Scholar
Eisenhardt K.M., Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review, „Academy of Management Review” 1989, Vol. 14, nr 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258191.
Google Scholar
Elkhafif M.A.T., Misyef M., Elagraa M., Palestinian Fiscal Revenue Leakage to Israel under the Paris Protocol on Economic Relations, UNCTAD/GDS/APP/2013/1, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, New York–Geneva 2014.
Google Scholar
Escobar A., Encountering Development. The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton 2012, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400839926.
Google Scholar
European Joint Strategy in Support of Palestine 2017-2020, Office of the European Union Representative
Google Scholar
(EUREP) 2017, [online] https://cdn4-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/k4T2xReikz4V-KkEglRCDX510gsZGi8bTMJISp8zFR8/mtime:1531745842/sites/eeas/files/final_european_joint_strategy_english.pdf.
Google Scholar
Four Years – Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crisis. An Assessment, The World Bank, 2004, [online] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/wbgaza-4yrassessment.pdf.
Google Scholar
Hamdan A., Foreign Aid and the Molding of the Palestinian Space, Bisan Center for Research and Development, Ramallah 2011.
Google Scholar
Hanafi S., Tabar L., The Intifada and the Aid Industry: The Impact of the New Liberal Agenda on the Palestinian NGOs, „Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East” 2003, Vol. 23, nr 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-23-1-2-205.
Google Scholar
Herfkens E., The Millennium Campaign: Successes and Challenges in Mobilizing Support for the MDGs, „UN Chronicle” 2008, Vol. 45, nr 1, [online] https://unchronicle.un.org/article/millennium-campaign-successes-and-challenges-mobilizing-support-mdgs, https://doi.org/10.18356/92b34cba-en.
Google Scholar
Herfkens E., Bains M., Reaching Our Development Goals: Why Does Aid Effectiveness Matter?, OECD, 2008, [online] https://www.oecd.org/development/effectiveness/40987004.pdf.
Google Scholar
Herremans B., The EU’s Self-Defeating Aid Policy towards Palestine, Centre for European Policy Studies, 2016, [online] https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/PB343%20Herremans%20Aid%20to%20OPT.pdf.
Google Scholar
Hever S., How Much International Aid to Palestinians Ends Up in the Israeli Economy?, Aid Watch, 2015, [online] http://www.aidwatch.ps/sites/default/files/resource-field_media/InternationalAidToPalestiniansFeedsTheIsraeliEconomy.pdf.
Google Scholar
Israel/Palestine: events of 2016, Human Rights Watch, [online] https://www.hrw.org/worldreport/2017/country-chapters/israel/palestine.
Google Scholar
Jamal A., The Palestinian National Movement. Politics of Contention, 1967-2005, Bloomington 2005, Indiana Series in Middle East Studies, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2005rh7.
Google Scholar
Khan M.H., Post-Oslo State-Building Strategies and their Limitations, Transcript of the Yusif A. Sayigh Development Lecture given at MAS (The Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute), Ramallah, 1 XII 2010, [online] http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/2421/1/Prof_Mushtaq_Final_Transcript_Sayigh_Lecture.pdf.
Google Scholar
Komunikat prasowy Unii Europejskiej nr 2016.195707, Jerozolima, 15 I 2016, [online] https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/palestine-occupied-palestinian-territory-west-bank-and-gazastrip_en/3327/The%20EU%20contributes%20%E2%82%AC20%20million%20to%20the%20PA’s%20payment%20of%20September%20salaries%20and%20pensions.
Google Scholar
Konwencja genewska o ochronie osób cywilnych podczas wojny (IV konwencja genewska), Genewa, 12 VIII 1949, Dz.U. 1956, nr 38, poz. 171, załącznik.
Google Scholar
Kothari U., From Colonialism to Development: Reflections of Former Colonial Officers, „Commonwealth & Comparative Politics” 2006, Vol. 44, nr 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662040600624502.
Google Scholar
Krähenbühl P., Open Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General to Palestine Refugees and UNRWA Staff, 1 IX 2018, [online] https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/open-letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-palestine-refugees-and-unrwa.
Google Scholar
Labour Market Briefing: West Bank, UNRWA, 2010, [online] http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/201106082849.pdf.
Google Scholar
Leech P., Re-reading the Myth of Fayyadism: A Critical Analysis of the Palestinian Authority’s Reform and State-building Agenda, 2008-2011, Arab Center For Research & Policy Studies, IV 2012, [online] https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/Rereading_the_Myth.pdf.
Google Scholar
Le More A., International Assistance to the Palestinians After Oslo. Political Guilt, Wasted Money, London–New York 2008, Routledge Studies on the Arab-Israeli Conflict, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203928332.
Google Scholar
Le More A., Killing with Kindness: Funding the Demise of a Palestinian State, „International Affairs” 2005, Vol. 81, nr 5, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00498.x.
Google Scholar
Morgenthau H., A Political Theory of Foreign Aid, „American Political Science Review” 1962, Vol. 56, nr 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1952366.
Google Scholar
Net ODA received (% of GNI): West Bank and Gaza, The World Bank, 2018, [online] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS?locations=PS.
Google Scholar
Official Development Assistance – Definition and Coverage, OECD, [online] http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm.
Google Scholar
Ojomo E., Donor Politics in Peacebuilding, [w:] Current Challenges to Peacebuilding Efforts and Development Assistance, red. K. Pędziwiatr, P. Kugiel, A. Dańda, Kraków 2011.
Google Scholar
Palestine’s Economic Outlook – April 2018, The World Bank, 2018, [online], https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/westbankandgaza/publication/economic-outlook-april-2018.
Google Scholar
Palestinian State-Building: A Decisive Period, Office of the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process (UNSCO), Ad Hoc Liaison Committee Meeting, Brussels, 13 IV 2011, [online] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/palestinian-state-building-a-decisive-period-unsco-report-to-the-ahlc-april-2011/.
Google Scholar
Pankaj A.K., Revisiting Foreign Aid Theories, „International Studies” 2005, Vol. 42, nr 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088170404200201.
Google Scholar
Poverty Profile in Palestine, 2017, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, [online] http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Document/pdf/txte_poverty2017.pdf?date=16_4_2018_.
Google Scholar
Press Release on the Results of the Labour Force Survey Second Quarter (April – June, 2018) Round, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, [online] http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/post.aspx?lang=en&ItemID=3212.
Google Scholar
Press Report of Economic Forecasting for 2018, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, [online] http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_forca-26-12-2017-en.pdf.
Google Scholar
Said E.W., Orientalizm, przeł. M. Wyrwas-Wiśniewska, Poznań 2005.
Google Scholar
Sayigh Y., Inducing a Failed State in Palestine, „Survival” 2007, Vol. 49, nr 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396330701564786.
Google Scholar
Silver Ch., Donors Help Keep Palestinians in Cages, „The Electronic Intifada”, 16 VIII 2016, [online] https://electronicintifada.net/content/donors-help-keep-palestinians-cages/10283.
Google Scholar
Staff T., Trump: Iran Lost Its Mojo since I Quit Nuke Deal; I Did a Great Thing for Israel, „The Times of Israel”, 6 IX 2018, [online] https://www.timesofisrael.com/trump-iranlost-its-mojo-since-i-quit-nuke-deal-i-did-a-great-thing-for-israel/.
Google Scholar
State Building in Situations of Fragility. Initial Findings, OECD, 2008, [online] http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/conflictandfragility/docs/41212290.pdf.
Google Scholar
Taghdisi-Rad S., The Political Economy of Aid in Palestine: Relief from Conflict or Development Delayed?, London 2010, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844199.
Google Scholar
The EU’s Aid to the Occupied Palestinian Territory. How to Improve Coherence and Effectiveness in Line with International Law?, CIDSE Working Group on Palestine/Israel, Bruksela, 7 XI 2008, [online] http://palthink.org/com/CIDSE%20seminar%20report%20(FINAL).pdf.
Google Scholar
The Occupied Palestinian Territory: An Employment Diagnostic Study, International Labour Organization, Regional Office for Arab States, Beirut 2018, [online] https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ILOSTUDY_040418.pdf.
Google Scholar
Towards Economic Sustainability of a Future Palestinian State: Promoting Private Sector – Led Growth, The World Bank, 2012, [online] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/GrowthStudyEngcorrected.pdf.
Google Scholar
Turner M., Creating „Partners for Peace”: The Palestinian Authority and the International Statebuilding Agenda, „Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding” 2011, Vol. 5, nr 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2011.541777.
Google Scholar
Turner M., The Political Economy of Western Aid in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Since 1993, [w:] Decolonizing Palestinian Political Economy, red. M. Turner, O. Shweiki, London 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137448750_3.
Google Scholar
Untied Aid, OECD, n.d., [online] http://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/untied-aid.htm.
Google Scholar
Weizman E., Hollow Land. Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, London–New York 2012.
Google Scholar
West Bank and Gaza – Net Official Development Assistance and Official Aid Received, Index Mundi, [online] https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/west-bank-and-gaza/net-officialdevelopment-assistance-and-official-aid-received.
Google Scholar
West Bank and Gaza Overview, World Bank, [online] http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/westbankandgaza/overview.
Google Scholar
Wildeman J., Tartir A., Can Oslo’s Failed Aid Model Be Laid To Rest?, „Al-Shabaka – The Palestinian Policy Network”, 18 IX 2013, [online] https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/can-oslos-failed-aid-model-be-laid-rest/.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
