Wpływ wojny w Ukrainie na rozwój polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony Unii Europejskiej
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.20.2024.88.1.12Keywords:
War in Ukraine, European Union, Common Security and Defense Policy, European securityAbstract
THE IMPACT OF RUSSIA’S 2022 INVASION OF UKRAINE ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
In recent years, the European Union has continuously expanded its role in the area of security and defense policy. This process gained momentum following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. New decisions and initiatives on common defense were developed due to the effects of the war, which changed the dynamics of interaction between institutions and member states. The analysis highlights how the EU is using the opportunities created by crises to strategically expand its security policy mandate. It also examined how the war in Ukraine led to the establishment of new security and defense initiatives, which affected its geopolitical position.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Alcaro R., Tocci N., Navigating a Covid World: The European Union’s Internal Rebirth and External Quest, „The International Spectator” 2021, vol. 56, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2021.1911128.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2021.1911128
Google Scholar
Barbé E., Morillas P., The EU Global Strategy: The Dynamics of a More Politicized and Politically Integrated Foreign Policy, „Cambridge Review of International Affairs” 2019, vol. 32, nr 6, https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1588227.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1588227
Google Scholar
Bauer M.W., Becker S., The Unexpected Winner of the Crisis: The European Commission’s Strengthened Role in Economic Governance, „Journal of European Integration” 2014, vol. 36, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2014.885750.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2014.885750
Google Scholar
Beach D., Pedersen R.B., Process-Tracing Methods, Ann Arbor 2019, https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10072208.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10072208
Google Scholar
Becker M., Gehring T., Explaining EU Integration Dynamics in the Wake of COVID-19: A Domain of Application Approach, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2023, vol. 30, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2027000.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2027000
Google Scholar
Béraud-Sudreau L., Pannier A., An “Improbable Paris–Berlin–Commission Triangle”: Usages of Europe and the Revival of EU Defence Cooperation After 2016, „Journal of European Integration” 2021, vol. 43, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1740215.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1740215
Google Scholar
Bergmann J., Neofunctionalism and EU External Policy Integration: The Case of Capacity Building in Support of Security and Development (CBSD), „Journal of European Public Policy” 2019, vol. 26, nr 9, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1526204.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1526204
Google Scholar
Biscop S., Peace without Money, War without the Americans: Challenges for European Strategy, „International Affairs” 2013, vol. 89, nr 5, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12063.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12063
Google Scholar
Biscop S., The New Force Model: NATO’s European Army?, „Egmont Policy Brief ” 2022, nr 285, September.
Google Scholar
Bosse G., Values, Rights, and Changing Interests: The Eu’s Response to the War Against Ukraine and the Responsibility to Protect Europeans, „Contemporary Security Policy” 2022, vol. 43, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2099713.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2099713
Google Scholar
Caporaso J., Europe’s Triple Crisis and the Uneven Role of Institutions: The Euro, Refugees and Brexit, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2018, vol. 56, nr 6, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12746.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12746
Google Scholar
Chappell L., Exadaktylos T., Petrov P., A More Capable EU? Assessing the Role of the Eu’s Institutions in Defence Capability Development, „Journal of European Integration” 2020, vol. 42, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1666115.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1666115
Google Scholar
Chou M.-H., Riddervold M., The Unexpected Negotiator at the Table: How the European Commission’s Expertise Informs Intergovernmental EU Policies, „Politics & Governance” 2015, vol. 3, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v3i1.117.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v3i1.117
Google Scholar
Citi M., Revisiting Creeping Competences in the EU: The Case of Security R&D Policy, „Journal of European Integration” 2014, vol. 36, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2013.813024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2013.813024
Google Scholar
Clapp S., European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA), Brussels 2023.
Google Scholar
Coticchia F., A Watershed Moment? European Defence and the War in Ukraine, [w:] Facing War: Rethinking Europe’s Security and Defence, red. S. Giusti, G. Grevi, Milan 2022.
Google Scholar
Cross M.K.D., The Politics of Crisis in Europe, Cambridge 2017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316556498
Google Scholar
De Wilde P., Zürn M., Can the Politicization of European Integration Be Reversed?, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2012, vol. 50, nr S1, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02232.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02232.x
Google Scholar
Dinan D., Nugent N., Paterson W.-E., The European Union in Crisis, London 2017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60427-9
Google Scholar
European Council, Informal Meeting of the Heads of State or Government, Versailles Declaration, 10 and 11 March 2022, [online] https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/54773/20220311-versailles-declaration-en.pdf.
Google Scholar
Fernández Ó. i in., The Impact of Russia’s 2022 Invasion of Ukraine on Public Perceptions of EU Security and Defence Integration: A Big Data Analysis, „Journal of European Integration” 2023, vol. 45, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183392.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183392
Google Scholar
Ferrara F.M., Kriesi H.P., Crisis Pressures and European Integration, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2022, vol. 29, nr 9, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1966079.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1966079
Google Scholar
Fiott D., Defence Industrial Cooperation in the European Union: The State, the Firm and Europe, London 2019, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429024207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429024207
Google Scholar
Fiott D., In Every Crisis an Opportunity? European Union Integration in Defence and the War on Ukraine, „Journal of European Integration” 2023, vol. 45, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183395.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183395
Google Scholar
Håkansson C., The European Commission’s New Role in EU Security and Defence Cooperation: The Case of the European Defence Fund, „European Security” 2021, vol. 30, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.1906229.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.1906229
Google Scholar
Haroche P., A “Geopolitical Commission”: Supranationalism Meets Global Power Competition, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2022, vol. 61, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13440.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13440
Google Scholar
Haroche P., Supranationalism Strikes Back: A Neofunctionalist Account of the European Defence Fund, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2020, vol. 27, nr 6, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1609570.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1609570
Google Scholar
Hoeffler C., Beyond the Regulatory State? The European Defence Fund and National Military Capacities, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2023, vol. 30, nr 7, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2174581.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2174581
Google Scholar
Hoeffler C., European Armament Co-Operation and the Renewal of Industrial Policy Motives, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2012, vol. 19, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.640803.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.640803
Google Scholar
Hooghe L., Marks G., A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining, „British Journal of Political Science” 2009, vol. 39, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409
Google Scholar
Hooghe L., Marks G., Grand Theories of European Integration in the Twenty-First Century, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2019, vol. 26, nr 8, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1569711.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1569711
Google Scholar
Komisja Europejska, Wspólny komunikat do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady Europejskiej, Rady, Europejskiego Komitetu EkonomicznoSpołecznego i Komitetu Regionów. Analiza luk inwestycyjnych w zakresie obronności i dalsze działania, Bruksela, 18 maja 2022 r., JOIN(2022) 24 final.
Google Scholar
Krastev I., Leonard M., The Crisis of European Security: What Europeans Think About the War in Ukraine, European Council on Foreign Relations, 9 II 2022, [online] https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-crisis-of-european-security-what-europeans-think-about-the-war-in-ukraine/.
Google Scholar
Ladi S., Tsarouhas D., EU Economic Governance and Covid-19: Policy Learning and Windows of Opportunity, „Journal of European Integration” 2020, vol. 42, nr 8, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1852231.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1852231
Google Scholar
Lavallée C., The European Commission’s Position in the Field of Security and Defence: An Unconventional Actor at a Meeting Point, „Perspectives on European Politics & Society” 2011, vol. 12, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2011.622955.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2011.622955
Google Scholar
Lovato M., The Internal Contestation of EU Foreign and Security Policy: A Literature Review of the Implications of Intra-EU Contestation on Crises and Conflicts, „JOINT Research Papers” 2021, nr 1, September, [online] https://www.jointproject.eu/?p=516.
Google Scholar
Martins O., Mawdsley J., Sociotechnical Imaginaries of EU Defence: The Past and the Future in the European Defence Fund, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2021, vol. 59, nr 6, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13197.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13197
Google Scholar
Maurer H., Whitman R.G., Wright N., The EU and the Invasion of Ukraine: A Collective Responsibility to Act?, „International Affairs” 2023, vol. 99, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac262.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac262
Google Scholar
Michaels E., Kissack R., Evaluating the National Acceptability of EU External Action: Conceptual Framework for the ENGAGE Project, Barcelona 2021, ENGAGE Working Paper Series, nr 2, [online] https://www.engage-eu.eu/publications/evaluating-the-national-accep tability-of-eu-external-action.
Google Scholar
Müller P., Pomorska K., Tonra B., The Domestic Challenge to EU Foreign Policy-Making: From Europeanisation to de-Europeanisation?, „Journal of European Integration” 2021, vol. 43, nr 5, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1927015.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1927015
Google Scholar
Niemann A., Theorising Internal Security Cooperation in the European Union: A Neofunctionalist Perspective, [w:] Theorising Internal Security Cooperation in the European Union, red. M. Rhinard, R. Bossong, Oxford 2016.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739487.003.0007
Google Scholar
Perot E., NATO, the EU and the Return of Collective Defence, „CSDS Policy Brief ” 2022, nr 12.
Google Scholar
Rada Unii Europejskiej, Strategiczny kompas na rzecz bezpieczeństwa i obrony – dla Unii Europejskiej, która chroni swoich obywateli, swoje wartości i interesy oraz przyczynia się do międzynarodowego pokoju i bezpieczeństwa, Bruksela, 21 marca 2022 r., [online] https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/pl/pdf.
Google Scholar
Rada Unii Europejskiej, Ukraina: UE uruchamia misję pomocy wojskowej, komunikat prasowy, 15 listopada 2022 r., [online] https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2022/11/15/ukraine-eu-launches-military-assistance-mission/.
Google Scholar
Radaelli C.M., Policy Learning and European Integration, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2022, vol. 60, nr S1, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13432.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13432
Google Scholar
Rhinard M., The Crisisification of Policy-Making in the European Union, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2019, vol. 57, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12838
Google Scholar
Riddervold M., Newsome A., Trondal J., 2021. European Union Crisis: An Introduction, [w:] The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, red. M. Riddervold, J. Trondal, Cham 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5
Google Scholar
Riddervold M., (Not) in the Hands of the Member States: How the European Commission Influences EU Security and Defence Policies, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2016, vol. 54, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12288.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12288
Google Scholar
Riddervold M., Trondal J., The Commission’s Informal Agenda-Setting in the CFSP. Agenda Leadership, Coalition-Building, and Community Framing, „Comparative European Politics” 2020, vol. 18, nr 6, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-020-00218-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-020-00218-1
Google Scholar
Sabatino E., The European Defence Fund: A Step Towards a Single Market for Defence?, „Journal of European Integration” 2022, vol. 44, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.2011264.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.2011264
Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig F., European Integration (Theory) in Times of Crisis. A Comparison of the Euro and Schengen Crises, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2018, vol. 25, nr 7, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1421252.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1421252
Google Scholar
Sil R., Katzenstein P.J., Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms Across Research Traditions, „Perspectives on Politics” 2010, vol. 8, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001179.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001179
Google Scholar
Thomas D.C., The Return of Intergovernmentalism? De-Europeanisation and EU Foreign Policy Decision-Making, „Journal of European Integration” 2021, vol. 43, nr 5, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1927013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1927013
Google Scholar
Tocci N., Towards a European Security and Defence Union: Was 2017 a Watershed?, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2018, vol. 56, nr S1, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12752.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12752
Google Scholar
Traktat o Unii Europejskiej, wersja skonsolidowana, Dz. Urz. UE 2016, C 202.
Google Scholar
White J., Constitutionalizing the EU in an Age of Emergencies, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2023, vol. 61, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13415.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13415
Google Scholar
Zeitlin J., Nicoli F., Laffan B., Introduction: The European Union Beyond the Polycrisis? Integration and Politicization in an Age of Shifting Cleavages, „Journal of European Public Policy” 2019, vol. 26, nr 7, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619803.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619803
Google Scholar
Zuleeg F., Emmanouilidis J.A., Borges de Castro R., Europe in the Age of Permacrisis, European Policy Center, 11 III 2021, [online] https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/Europe-in-theage-of-permacrisis~3c8a0c.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.