Rola czynnika religijnego w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Przypadek jurysdykcji prawosławnych w Estonii
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.22.2025.96.2.08Keywords:
Estonian-Russian relations, state-church relations, religion in international relations, Orthodox jurisdictionAbstract
THE ROLE OF THE RELIGIOUS FACTOR IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE CASE OF ORTHODOX JURISDICTIONS IN ESTONIA
The research objective of this article was to analyse the role of the religious factor in international relations using the example of the Orthodox jurisdictions in Estonia: The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Estonian Orthodox Church. The article examines the hypothesis that, despite the high rate of secularisation of Estonian society and with a relatively low level of religious identification (29% of the total number of people over 15 years of age), the situation of the Orthodox Church in Estonia has improved. The situation of the Orthodox Church remains one of the important factors shaping international relations at many levels - both the relations between the Russian Federation and Estonia, and the relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Churches in Estonia or, finally, the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople. The results of the research presented in the article are based on a critical analysis of documents and literature on the subject. The problems of the article concern the most important aspects of the functioning of the two Orthodox jurisdictions in Estonia, as well as the resulting consequences in the field of international relations: 1) the establishment of the autonomous church in Estonia and its division into Constantinopolitan and Moscow jurisdictions and the role of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; 2) the situation of the Orthodox Church in Estonia after 1991 and the consequences of the annexation of Estonia by the USSR for the solutions adopted; 3) changes in the Orthodox Church in Estonia conditioned by the war in Ukraine.
Downloads
References
Ališauskienė M., Religia w postkomunistycznym społeczeństwie na Litwie: miejsce, zmiany i formy funkcjonowania, „Politeja” 2011, nr 2(16).
Barker E., But Who’s Going to Win? National and Minority Religions in Post-Communist Society, „Facta Universitatis, Series: Philosophy and Sociology” 1999, vol. 2, no. 6.
Bednaruk W., Gil A., Soviet Religious Law in 1917–1922. Ideological and Legal Foundations, „Studia Iuridica Lubliniensa” 2023, vol. 32, no. 3.
Benovska-Sabkova M., Armastus, Andestus, Alandlikkus. The Rediscovery of Orthodox Christianity in Post-Soviet Estonia, „Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics” 2011, vol. 5, no. 1.
Bogdanovski A., Estonian Orthodox Church Changes Name to Distance Itself from Moscow, 30 VIII 2024, [online] https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/30-august/news/world/estonian-orthodox-church-changes-name-to-distance-itself-from-moscow.
Curanović A., Czynnik religijny w polityce zagranicznej Federacji Rosyjskiej, Warszawa 2010.
Curanović A., The Post-Soviet Religious Model. Reflections on Relations between the State and Religious Institutions in the CIS Area, „Religion, State and Society”, vol. 41, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2013.843122.
Dudra S., Król-Mazur R., Maj D., Polityka wyznaniowa. Wschodnia i ekumeniczna perspektywa eklezjalna, Zielona Góra 2018.
Eesti Apostlik-Õigeusu Kirik ja Vene Õigeusu Kiriku Tallinna piiskopkond, „Sõnumileht” 1995, no. 41.
Eesti Õigeusu Kirik alustab dialoogi MPEÕK eraldamiseks Vene kirikust, 20. september 2024, [online] https://www.postimees.ee/8099878/eesti-oigeusu-kirik-alustab-dialoogi-mpeokeraldamiseks-vene-kirikust.
Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus, Asutava Kogu poolt 15. junnil 1920 a. vastuvõetud, Riigi Teataja 1920, 113/114, 243.
Engelhardt J., Singing in the Right Way. Orthodox Christians and Secular Enchantment in Estonia, Oxford–New York 2015.
Estonia: State and Orthodox Church agreed on separation from Moscow Patriarchate, 2 VIII 2024, [online] https://orthodoxtimes.com/estonia-state-and-orthodox-church-agreed-on-separation-from-moscow-patriarchate/.
Kirikute ja usuühingute seadus, Riigi Teataja, nr. 107, 21 detsember 1934.
Kiviorg M., Church and State in Estonia, [w:] Law and Religion in Post-Communist Europe, red. S. Ferrari, W. Cole Durham Jr., Leuven-Paris-Dudley, MA 2003.
Konstytucja Republiki Estońskiej przyjęta przez obywateli Republiki Estońskiej w referendum przeprowadzonym w dniu 28 czerwca 1992 r., tłum. A. Puu, [w:] Konstytucje państw Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2011.
Kuczyńska-Zonik A., Kościoły prawosławne Patriarchatu Moskiewskiego w państwach bałtyckich wobec rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę, „Komentarze IEŚ” 2022, nr 711.
Letter from Sergii (Stragorodskii), metropolitan of Vladimir and member of the Holy Synod, to Paul Sepp, representative of the Diocesan Council in Tallinn, 28 June 1920, [w:] Pravoslavie v Estonii. Issledovanie i dokumenty v dvukh tomakh, vol. 2, Moskwa 2010.
Lewandowski J., Historia Estonii, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków 2002.
Ławreszuk M., Prawosławie wobec tendencji nacjonalistycznych i etnofiletystycznych. Studium teologiczno-kanoniczne, Warszawa 2009.
Melvin N., Russians beyond Russia. The Politics of National Identity, London 1995.
Moskva Patriarhaadi Eesti Õigeusu Kirik muutis põhikirja ja nime, 23 VIII 2024, [online] https://eestikirik.ee/moskva-patriarhaadi-eesti-oigeusu-kirik-muutis-pohikirja-ja-nime.
Oinas F.J., The Position of the Setus in Estonian Folklore, „Journal of Baltic Studies” 1974, vol. 5.
Orthodoxy in Estonia, 1917. The Restoration of the Tallinn Suffragancy, [online] https://www.balticorthodoxy.com/orthodoxy-in-estonia-1917.
Paert I., Conciliarity in the Borderlands. The Riga Orthodox Council (Sobor) of 1905 and the Church Reform Movement in Imperial Russia, „The Journal of Ecclesiastical History” 2022, vol. 73, no. 3.
Patriarchal and Synodical Act Concerning the Reactivation of the Patriarchal and Synodical Tomos of 1923 Regarding the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Estonia, [online] http://www.orthodoxa.org/GB/estonia/documentsEOC/tomos1923.htm.
Pietrzak M., Prawo wyznaniowe, Warszawa 2005.
Rahvastiku demograafilised ja etno-kultuurilised näitajad, [online] https://rahvaloendus.ee/et/tulemused/rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad.
Report of Archbishop Ioann (Smirnov) of Riga and Mitau, 10 July 1917: RGIA, f 796, op 204, ot. 2, st. 2, d. 332, l. 1-2, cyt. za: [online] https://www.balticorthodoxy.com/orthodoxy-in-estonia-1917.
Report of the members of the Provisional Council of Riga Diocese to the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod, 19 July 1917, RGIA, f. 796, op. 204, otd. 2, st. 2, d. 332, l. 3-4, cyt. za: [online] https://www.balticorthodoxy.com/orthodoxy-in-estonia-1917.
Rimestad S., Estonian Orthodoxy in the 1990s, [online] http://www.eoc.ee/eng/cat-501/cat-519/article_id-1489.
Rimestad S., Modernising Church Life: the Case of the Interwar Orthodox Churches in Estonia and Latvia, „Religion, State and Society” 2012, vol. 40, no. 3-4.
Ringvee R., Is Estonia Really the Least Religious Country in the World?, „The Guardian”, 2011, 16 IX, [online] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonialeast-religious-country-world.
Rohtmets P., The Two Estonian Orthodox Churches and the War in Ukraine, „Näkemys” 2022, 17 IV, [online] https://www.vartija-lehti.fi/the-two-estonian-orthodox-churchesand-the-war-in-ukraine/.
Schihalejev O., Religious Education at Schools in Estonia, [w:] Religious Education at Schools in Europe. Northern Europe, red. M. Rothgangel, G. Skeie, M. Jäggle, Vienna 2014.
Speech of Archbishop Aleksander (Paulus) to Patriarch Meletios (Metaxakis) IV of Constantinople, 3 July 1923, [w:] Pravoslavie v Estonii. Issledovanie i dokumenty v dvukh tomakh. vol. 2, Moskwa 2010.
Statute of The Russian Ortodox Church adopted by The Council of Bishops in 2000, amended by The Council of Bishops in 2008 and 2011, and adopted ad an amended by The Council of Bishops in 2013, [online] https://mospatusa.com/files/statute-of-the-russian-orthodox-church.pdf.
Szabaciuk A., Polityka etniczna Republiki Estońskiej, „Wschodnioznawstwo” 2016, vol. 10.
There Are Yet Problems in the Church Relations between Estonia and Russia, 13 VIII 1999, [online] http://www.orthodoxa.org/GB/estonia/interviews/pbs%20ee-ru.htm.
Toom T., Estonia, Orthodox Church in, [w:] The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, red. J.A. McGuckin, Oxford 2011.
Usuliste ühenduste ja nende liitude seadus 12. november 1925, RT 183-184, 27 November 1925.
White J.M., Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and Ecclesiastical Authority at the End of the Imperial Regime, „The Russian Review” 2020, vol. 79.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
