Specyfika konstytucjonalizmu stanowego w USA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.14.2017.48.10Keywords:
United States, state constitutionalism, constitutional subject matters, constitutional interpretationAbstract
Peculiarities of American State Constitutionalism
The article summarizes major peculiarities of American state constitutionalism, understood as a set of general principles governing form, legal nature, and content of state constitutions. It focuses primarily on the areas in which state constitutions differ from the federal Constitution. With the large difference in length as its starting point, the article analyzes such features of state constitutions as greater level of detail, broader catalog of constitutional subject matters, frequent incidence of constitutional legislation, plenary as opposed to enumerated character of state governmental powers, and relative ease of constitutional change at state level. It concludes that the foregoing features of state constitutions primarily reflect distrust in state governments (particularly legislatures) and willingness of political actors to treat constitutions as ordinary policy instruments as opposed to fundamental law. The article further examines the influence of those features on state constitutional interpretation, noting that the greater specificity and elasticity of state constitutions on one hand diminishes importance of originalism, but on the other hand – promotes strict textualism and is one of the leading causes of lesser incidence on informal constitutional changes (especially judge‑made) in the states.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Abrahamson S.S., Gutmann D.S., The New Federalism: State Constitutions and State Courts, „Judicature” 1991, Vol. 71.
Google Scholar
Adams B. i in., Environmental and Natural Resources Provisions in State Constitutions, „Journal of Land, Resources & Environmental Law” 2002, Vol. 22.
Google Scholar
Adams W.P., The First American Constitutions. Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era, Lanham 2001.
Google Scholar
Alexander K., Alexander M.D.,. American Public School Law, Belmont 2005.
Google Scholar
Allen J.M. III, Hinds J.W., Alabama Constitutional Reform, „Alabama Law Review” 2001, Vol. 53, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Backman J.H., Public Land Law Reform – Reflections from Western Water Law, „Brigham Young University Law Review” 1982, Vol. 1982, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Baude P., Interstate Dialogue in State Constitutional Law, „Rutgers Law Journal” 1997, Vol. 28.
Google Scholar
Biber E., The Price of Admission: Causes, Effects, and Patterns of Conditions Imposed on States Entering the Union, „American Journal of Legal History” 2004, Vol. 46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3692440
Google Scholar
Blackstone W., Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Volumes, red. G. Sharswood, B. Field, Philadelphia 1893.
Google Scholar
Blocher J., Reverse Incorporation of State Constitutional Law, „Southern California Law Review” 2011, Vol. 84, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1653619.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1653619
Google Scholar
Blum G. i in., American Jurisprudence, wyd. 2, t. 16A: Constitutional Law, St. Paul 2009.
Google Scholar
The Book of the States, t. 44, red. A.S. Wall, H.M. Perkins, Lexington 2013.
Google Scholar
Braden G.D. i in., The Constitution of the State of Texas. An Annotated and Comparative Analysis, Austin 1977.
Google Scholar
Briffault R., The Disfavored Constitution: State Fiscal Limits and State Constitutional Law, „Rutgers Law Journal” 2003, Vol. 34.
Google Scholar
Briffault R., The Item Veto in State Courts, „Temple Law Review” 1993, Vol. 66.
Google Scholar
Bryce J., The American Commonwealth, Indianapolis 2005.
Google Scholar
Caeser J.W., The Constitution as Political Theory. Between Rationalism and Reverence. 2014 Walter Berns Constitution Day Lecture, Washington 2014, [online] https://www.aei.org/wp‑content/uploads/2014/12/The‑Constitution‑as‑Political‑Theory.pdf.
Google Scholar
Caldeira G.A., The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts, „American Political Science Review” 1985, Vol. 79, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956126.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1956126
Google Scholar
Chayes A., The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation, „Harvard Law Review” 1976, Vol. 89, nr 7, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1340256.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1340256
Google Scholar
Colantuono M.G., The Revision of American State Constitutions: Legislative Power, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Change, „California Law Review” 1987, Vol. 75, nr 4, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3480598.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3480598
Google Scholar
Collins R.K.L., Galie P.J., Models of Post‑Incorporation Judicial Review: 1985 Survey of State Constitutional Individual Rights Decisions, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1985, Vol. 16, nr 3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3330016
Google Scholar
Conley P.T., Flanders R.G., The Rhode Island State Constitution. A Reference Guide, Westport 2007.
Google Scholar
Cooley T.M., A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union, Boston 1883.
Google Scholar
Cornwell E.E., Goodman J.S., Swanson W.R., State Constitutional Conventions. The Politics of the Revision Process in Seven States, New York 1975.
Google Scholar
Crawford E.T., The Construction of Statutes, Holmes Beach 1999.
Google Scholar
Croley S.P., The Majoritarian Difficulty: Elective Judiciaries and the Rule of Law, „University of Chicago Law Review” 1995, Vol. 62, nr 2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1600148
Google Scholar
Dealey J.Q., Growth of American State Constitutions from 1776 to the End of the Year 1914, Boston 1915.
Google Scholar
Developments in the Law: The Interpretation of State Constitutional Rights, „Harvard Law Review” 1982, Vol. 95, nr 6, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1340746.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1340746
Google Scholar
Dinan J.J., The American State Constitutional Tradition, Lawrence 2006.
Google Scholar
Dinan J.J., The Virginia State Constitution. A Reference Guide, Westport 2006.
Google Scholar
Dodd W.F., The Function of a State Constitution, „Political Science Quarterly” 1915, Vol. 30, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2141919.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2141919
Google Scholar
Dodd W.F., Implied Powers and Implied Limitations in Constitutional Law, „Yale Law Journal” 1919, Vol. 29, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/786104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/786104
Google Scholar
Dodd W.F., The Revision and Amendment of State Constitutions, Union, NJ 1999.
Google Scholar
Dorf M.C., The Relevance of Federal Norms for State Separation of Powers, „Roger Williams University Law Review” 1998, Vol. 4, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Dragich M., State Constitutional Restrictions on Legislative Procedure: Rethinking Analysis of Original Purpose, Single Subject, and Clear Title Challenges, „Harvard Journal on Legislation” 2001, Vol. 38.
Google Scholar
Easterbrook F.H., Text, History, and Structure in Statutory Interpretation, „Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy” 1994, Vol. 17.
Google Scholar
Elazar D.J., The Principles and Traditions Underlying American State Constitutions, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1982, Vol. 12, nr 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3329670
Google Scholar
Ely J.H., Democracy and Distrust. A Theory of Judicial Review, Cambridge, Mass. 1980.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv102bj77
Google Scholar
Eskridge W.N., Frickey P.P., Cases and Materials on Legislation. Statutes and the Creation of Public Policy, St. Paul 1995.
Google Scholar
Fallon R.H. i in., Hart and Wechsler’s Federal Courts and the Federal System, New York 2003.
Google Scholar
Fino S.P., Judicial Federalism and Equality Guarantees in State Supreme Courts, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1987, Vol. 17, nr 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3330026
Google Scholar
Fiss O.M., Rendleman D., Injunctions, Mineola 1984.
Google Scholar
Friedelbaum S.H., State Courts and the Separation of Powers: A Venerable Doctrine in Varied Contexts, „Albany Law Review” 1998, Vol. 61, nr 5.
Google Scholar
Friedman D., Applying Federal Constitutional Theory to the Interpretation of State Constitutions: The Ban on Special Laws in Maryland, „Maryland Law Review” 2012, Vol. 71, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Friedman L., The Constitutional Value of Dialogue and the New Judicial Federalism, „Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly” 2000, Vol. 28.
Google Scholar
Fritz Ch.G., The American Constitutional Tradition Revisited: Preliminary Observations on State Constitution‑Making in the Nineteenth‑Century West, „Rutgers Law Journal” 1994, Vol. 25.
Google Scholar
Fritz Ch.G., Book Review: Rethinking the American Constitutional Tradition: National Dimensions in the Formation of State Constitutions, „Rutgers Law Journal” 1995, Vol. 26.
Google Scholar
Gardner J.A., The Failed Discourse of State Constitutionalism, „Michigan Law Review” 1992, Vol. 90, nr 4, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289401.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1289401
Google Scholar
Gardner J.A., The Positivist Revolution that Wasn’t: Constitutional Universalism in the States, „Roger Williams University Law Review” 1998, Vol. 4, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Gardner J.A., What Is a State Constitution?, „Rutgers Law Journal” 1993, Vol. 24.
Google Scholar
Gelfand M.D., Mintz J.A., Salsich P.W., State and Local Taxation and Finance in a Nutshell, St. Paul 2000.
Google Scholar
Gettleman M.E., The Dorr Rebellion. A Study in American Radicalism, 1833‑1849, New York 1973.
Google Scholar
Goebel T., A Government by the People. Direct Democracy in America, 1890‑1940, Chapel Hill 2002.
Google Scholar
Grad F.P., The State Constitution: Its Function and Form for Our Time, „Virginia Law Review” 1968, Vol. 54, nr 5, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1071895.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1071895
Google Scholar
Grad F.P., Williams R.F., State Constitutions for the Twenty‑First Century, t. 2: Drafting State Constitutions, Revisions, and Amendments, Albany 2006.
Google Scholar
Griffin S.M., Constitutionalism in the United States: From Theory to Politics, „Oxford Journal of Legal Studies” 1990, Vol. 10, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/10.2.200.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/10.2.200
Google Scholar
Grossenbacher K., Implementing Structural Injunctions: Getting a Remedy When Local Officials Resist, „Georgia Law Review” 1992, Vol. 80.
Google Scholar
Hamilton A., The Federalist No. 78, [w:] The Federalist Papers, red. G.W. Carey, J. McClellan, Indianapolis 2001.
Google Scholar
Hammons Ch.W., Was James Madison Wrong? Rethinking the American Preference for Short, Framework‑Oriented Constitutions, „American Political Science Review” 1999, Vol. 93, nr 4, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2586116
Google Scholar
Harrison J., The Constitutional Origins and Implications of Judicial Review, „Virginia Law Review” 1998, Vol. 84, nr 3, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073667.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1073667
Google Scholar
Hershkoff H., Positive Rights and State Constitutions: The Limits of Federal Rationality Review, „Harvard Law Review” 1999, Vol. 112, nr 6, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1342383.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1342383
Google Scholar
Hershkoff H., State Courts and the „Passive Virtues”: Rethinking the Judicial Function, „Harvard Law Review” 2001, Vol. 114, nr 7, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1342498.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1342498
Google Scholar
Hill M.B., The Georgia State Constitution. A Reference Guide, Westport 1994.
Google Scholar
Hoar R.S., Constitutional Conventions. Their Nature, Powers, and Limitations, Boston 1917.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1064052
Google Scholar
Holland R.J. i in., State Constitutional Law. The Modern Experience, St. Paul 2010.
Google Scholar
Horwitz M.J., The Transformation of American Law, 1870‑1960.
Google Scholar
The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy, New York 1992.
Google Scholar
Hurst J.W., The Growth of American Law. The Law Makers, Union, NJ 2001.
Google Scholar
Hutchins W.A., Water Rights Laws in the Nineteen Western States, Washington 1972.
Google Scholar
Johansen R.B., The New Federalism: Toward a Principled Interpretation of the State Constitution, „Stanford Law Review” 1977, Vol. 29, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1228242.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1228242
Google Scholar
Journals of the Continental Congress, red. W. Ford, Washington 1904‑1937.
Google Scholar
Kahn P.W., Interpretation and Authority in State Constitutionalism, „Harvard Law Review” 1993, Vol. 106, nr 5, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1341687.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1341687
Google Scholar
Kahn P.W., Legitimacy and History. Self‑Government in American Constitutional Theory, New Haven 1992.
Google Scholar
Kammen M.G., A Machine that Would Go of Itself. The Constitution in American Culture, New Brunswick 2006.
Google Scholar
Keller M., The Politics of State Constitutional Revision, 1820‑1930, [w:] The Constitutional Convention as an Amending Device, red. K.L. Hall, H.M. Hyman, L.V. Sigal, Washington 1981.
Google Scholar
Kennedy R.H., Advisory Opinions: Cautious About Non‑Judicial Undertakings, „University of Richmond Law Review” 1989, Vol. 23, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Kiewiet D.R., Szakaty K., Constitutional Limitations on Borrowing: An Analysis of State Bonded Indebtedness, „Journal of Law, Economics & Organization” 1996, Vol. 12, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a023362.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a023362
Google Scholar
Killian J.H. i in., The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, S. Doc. No. 108‑17, Washington 2004.
Google Scholar
Kramer L., The People Themselves. Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review, New York 2004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3481314
Google Scholar
Laidler P., Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Od prawa do polityki, Kraków 2011.
Google Scholar
Langer T., Stany w USA. Instytucje, praktyka, doktryna, Koszalin 1997.
Google Scholar
Leuchtenburg W.E., The Supreme Court Reborn. The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt, New York 1995.
Google Scholar
Levinson L.H., Interpreting State Constitutions by Resort to the Record, „Florida State University Law Review” 1978, Vol. 6.
Google Scholar
Levinson S., Constitutional Faith, Princeton 2011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691152400.001.0001
Google Scholar
Libonati M.E., The Legislative Branch, [w:] State Constitutions for the Twenty‑First Century, t. 3: The Agenda of State Constitutional Reform, red. G.A. Tarr, R.F. Williams, Albany 2006.
Google Scholar
Libonati M.E., State Constitutions and Legislative Process: The Road Not Taken, „Boston University Law Review” 2009, Vol. 89, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Linde H.A., Are State Constitutions Common Law?, „Arizona Law Review” 1992, Vol. 34.
Google Scholar
Linde H.A., Due Process of Lawmaking, „Nebraska Law Review” 1976, Vol. 55, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Linde H.A., E Pluribus – Constitutional Theory and State Courts, „Georgia Law Review” 1984, Vol. 18.
Google Scholar
Linde H.A., The State and the Federal Courts in Governance: Vive la Difference!, „William and Mary Law Review” 2005, Vol. 46.
Google Scholar
Lutz D.S., Popular Consent and Popular Control. Whig Political Theory in the Early State Constitutions, Baton Rouge 1980.
Google Scholar
Lutz D.S., The Purposes of American State Constitutions, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1982, Vol. 12, nr 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3329671
Google Scholar
Lutz D.S., Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment, „American Political Science Review” 1994, Vol. 88, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944709.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2944709
Google Scholar
Madison J., The Federalist No. 48, [w:] The Federalist Papers, red. G.W. Carey, J. McClellan, Indianapolis 2001.
Google Scholar
Madison J., The Federalist No. 49, [w:] The Federalist Papers, red. G.W. Carey, J. McClellan, Indianapolis 2001.
Google Scholar
Maltz E.M., Lockstep Analysis and the Concept of Federalism, „Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science” 1988, Vol. 496.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716288496001010
Google Scholar
Małajny I., Reguła „kwestii politycznych” w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego USA, [w:] Konstytucjonalizm a doktryny polityczno‑prawne. Najnowsze kierunki badań, red. R.M. Małajny, Katowice 2008.
Google Scholar
Małajny R.M., Doktryna podziału władzy „Ojców Konstytucji” USA, Katowice 1985.
Google Scholar
Manning J.F., Textualism and the Equity of the Statute, „Columbia Law Review” 2001, Vol. 101, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123509.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1123509
Google Scholar
NettikSimmons D., Towards a Theory of State Constitutional Jurisprudence, „Montana Law Review” 2014, Vol. 46, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Permaloff A., Methods of Altering State Constitutions, „Cumberland Law Review” 2003, Vol. 33.
Google Scholar
Persky J.D., „Ghosts That Slay”: A Contemporary Look at State Advisory Opinions, „Connecticut Law Review” 2004, Vol. 37.
Google Scholar
Peters E.A., Getting Away from the Federal Paradigm: Separation of Powers in State Courts, „Minnesota Law Review” 1997, Vol. 81.
Google Scholar
Peters E.A., Review: State Constitutional Law: Federalism in the Common Law Tradition: Developments in State Constitutional Law by Bradley D. McGraw, „Michigan Law Review” 1986, Vol. 84, nr 4/5, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1288831.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1288831
Google Scholar
Pope J.G., An Approach to State Constitutional Interpretation, „Rutgers Law Journal” 1993, Vol. 24.
Google Scholar
Pottorff J.F., Political Stew: Item Veto Issues Bubbling to the Top in State Court Jurisdictions, „Emerging Issues in State Constitutional Law” 1988, Vol. 1.
Google Scholar
Prakash S., Yoo J.C., The Origins of Judicial Review, „University of Chicago Law Review” 2003, Vol. 70.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1600662
Google Scholar
Reed D.S., Twenty‑Five Years after Rodriguez: School Finance Litigation and the Impact of the New Judicial Federalism, „Law & Society Review” 1998, Vol. 32, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/827752.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/827752
Google Scholar
Rendleman D., Complex Litigation. Injunctions, Structural Remedies and Contempt, New York 2010.
Google Scholar
Rosenthal A., The State of State Legislatures: An Overview, „Hofstra Law Review” 1983, Vol. 11.
Google Scholar
Rubin D.F., Constitutional Aid Limitation Provisions and the Public Purpose Doctrine, „Saint Louis University Public Law Review” 1993, Vol. 12.
Google Scholar
Ruud M.H., „No Law Shall Embrace More than One Subject”, „Minnesota Law Review” 1958, Vol. 42.
Google Scholar
Scalia A,, The Doctrine of Standing as an Essential Element of the Separation of Powers, „Suffolk University Law Review” 1983, Vol. 17.
Google Scholar
Schapiro R.A., Contingency and Universalism in State Separation of Powers Discourse, „Roger Williams University Law Review” 1998, Vol. 4, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Schlam L., State Constitutional Amending, Independent Interpretation, and Political Culture: A Case Study in Constitutional Stagnation, „DePaul Law Review” 1994, Vol. 43, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Schuman D., A Failed Critique of State Constitutionalism, „Michigan Law Review” 1992, Vol. 91, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289687.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1289687
Google Scholar
Shepsle K.A., Congress Is a „They,” Not an „It”: Legislative Intent as Oxymoron, „International Review of Law and Economics” 1992, Vol. 12, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144‑8188(92)90043‑Q.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(92)90043-Q
Google Scholar
Singer N.J., Singer J.D.S., Sutherland Statutes and Statutory Construction, St. Paul 2008.
Google Scholar
Stern N., The Political Question Doctrine in State Courts, „South Carolina Law Review” 1984, Vol. 35.
Google Scholar
Sturm A.L., The Development of American State Constitutions, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1982, Vol. 12, nr 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3329673
Google Scholar
Tarr G.A., State Constitutional Design and State Constitutional Interpretation, „Montana Law Review” 2013, Vol. 72.
Google Scholar
Tarr G.A., Understanding State Constitutions, Princeton 1998.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188553
Google Scholar
Tarr G.A., Porter M.C., Introduction: State Constitutionalism and State Constitutional Law, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1987, Vol. 17, nr 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3330023
Google Scholar
Tarr G.A., Williams R.F., Foreword: Getting from Here to There: Twenty‑First Century Mechanisms and Opportunities in State Constitutional Reform, „Rutgers Law Journal” 2005, Vol. 36.
Google Scholar
Townsend N.J., Single Subject Restrictions as an Alternative to the Line‑Item Veto, „Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy” 1985, Vol. 1, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Wallis J.J., Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852, „Journal of Economic History” 2005, Vol. 65, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050705050084.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050705050084
Google Scholar
Wieciech T., Anglosaska formuła politycznego konstytucjonalizmu, Kraków 2014.
Google Scholar
Wieciech T., Ustroje federalne Stanów Zjednoczonych, Kanady i Australii, Kraków 2009.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., Are State Constitutional Conventions Things of the Past? The Increasing Role of the Constitutional Commission in State Constitutional Change, „Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium” 1996, Vol. 1.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., The Brennan Lecture: Interpreting State Constitutions as Unique Legal Documents, „Oklahoma City University Law Review” 2002, Vol. 27.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., Equality Guarantees in State Constitutional Law, „Texas Law Review” 1985, Vol. 63.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., In the Supreme Court’s Shadow: Legitimacy of State Rejection of Supreme Court Reasoning and Result, „South Carolina Law Review” 1984, Vol. 35, nr 3.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., The Law of American State Constitutions, New York 2009.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., On the Importance of a Theory of Legislative Power under State Constitutions, „Quinnipiac Law Review” 1996, Vol. 15.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., State Constitutional Law. Cases and Materials, Newark 2006.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., State Constitutional Law Processes, „William and Mary Law Review” 1983, Vol. 24.
Google Scholar
Williams R.F., State Constitutional Limits on Legislative Procedure: Legislative Compliance and Judicial Enforcement, „Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1987, Vol. 17, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a037637.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3330028
Google Scholar
Willoughby W.W., The Constitutional Law of the United States, New York 1910.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1325153
Google Scholar
Wood G.S., The Creation of the American Republic, 1776‑1787, Chapel Hill 1998.
Google Scholar
Wood G.S., Foreword: State Constitution‑Making in the American Revolution, „Rutgers Law Journal” 1993, Vol. 24.
Google Scholar
Wright Ch.A., Miller A.R., Federal Practice and Procedure, St. Paul 1969‑2012.
Google Scholar
Zwierzchowski K., Amerykańskie instytucje demokracji bezpośredniej, Białystok 2005.
Google Scholar
Orzecznictwo
Google Scholar
Alabama State Federation of Labor v. McAdory, 325 U.S. 450, 47 S.Ct. 284, 71 L.Ed. 478 (1945).
Google Scholar
Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165, 89 S.Ct. 961, 22 L.Ed.2d 176 (1969).
Google Scholar
Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984).
Google Scholar
Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 82 S.Ct. 691, 7 L.Ed.2d 663 (1961).
Google Scholar
Bates v. Director of Office of Campaign & Political Fin., 763 N.E.2d 6 (Mass. 2002).
Google Scholar
Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969).
Google Scholar
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 96 S.Ct. 612, 46 L.Ed.2d 659 (1976).
Google Scholar
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 60 S.Ct. 900, 84 L.Ed. 1213 (1940).
Google Scholar
Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417, 118 S.Ct. 2091, 141 L.Ed.2d 393 (1998).
Google Scholar
Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 586 A.2d 887, 526 Pa. 374, 19 A.L.R.5th 979 (1991).
Google Scholar
Coyle v. Smith, 221 U.S. 559, 31 S.Ct. 688, 55 L.Ed. 853 (1911).
Google Scholar
Danielson v. Dennis, 139 P.3d 688 (Colo. 2006).
Google Scholar
Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 88 S.Ct. 1444, 20 L.Ed.2d 491 (1968).
Google Scholar
Eakin v. Raub, 12 Serg. & Rawle 330 (Pa. 1825).
Google Scholar
Edmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651, 117 S.Ct. 1573, 137 L.Ed.2d 917 (1997).
Google Scholar
Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, 67 S.Ct. 504, 91 L.Ed. 711 (1947).
Google Scholar
Ex parte Riley, 11 So.3d 801 (Ala. 2008).
Google Scholar
Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 537 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2008), aff ’d in part, rev’d in part, and remanded, 561 U.S., 130 S.Ct. 3138, 177 L.Ed.2d 706 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368, 83 S.Ct. 801, 9 L.Ed.2d 821 (1963).
Google Scholar
Griffin v. County School Bd. of Prince Edward County, 377 U.S. 218, 84 S.Ct. 1226, 12 L.Ed.2d 256 (1964).
Google Scholar
Guinn v. Legislature of Nevada, 71 P.3d 1269 (Nev. 2003).
Google Scholar
Hayburn’s Case, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 409 (1792).
Google Scholar
Heydon’s Case, 3 Co. Rep. 7, 76 Eng. Rep. 637 (Ex. Pasch. 26 Eliz. I).
Google Scholar
House Speaker v. Governor, 506 N.W.2d 190, 443 Mich. 560 (1993).
Google Scholar
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 103 S.Ct. 2764, 77 L.Ed.2d 317 (1983).
Google Scholar
Jenkins v. Missouri, 672 F.Supp. 400 (W.D. Mo. 1988), aff ’d, 855 F.2d 1295 (8th Cir. 1989), rev’d in part, 495 U.S. 33 (1990).
Google Scholar
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992).
Google Scholar
Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 84 S.Ct. 1489, 12 L.Ed.2d 653 (1964).
Google Scholar
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819).
Google Scholar
McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S., 130 S.Ct. 3020, 177 L.Ed. 2d 894 (2010).
Google Scholar
Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70, 115 S.Ct. 2038, 132 L.Ed.2d 63 (1995).
Google Scholar
Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346, 31 S.Ct. 250, 55 L.Ed. 246 (1911).
Google Scholar
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937).
Google Scholar
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 52 S.Ct. 371, 76 L.Ed. 747 (1932).
Google Scholar
Opinion of the Justices, 264 A.2d 342 (Del. 1970).
Google Scholar
Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 117 S.Ct. 2312, 138 L.Ed.2d 849 (1997).
Google Scholar
Republican Party of Texas v. Dietz, 940 S.W.2d 86, 40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 384 (1997).
Google Scholar
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S.Ct. 1362, 12 L.Ed.2d 506 (1964).
Google Scholar
Romer v. Colorado General Assembly, 810 P.2d 215 (Colo. 1991).
Google Scholar
Silver v. Pataki, 755 N.E.2d 842, 96 N.Y.2d 532 (2001).
Google Scholar
Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998).
Google Scholar
Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 57 S.Ct. 883, 81 L.Ed. 1279, 109 A.L.R. 1293, 19 A.F.T.R. 510 (1937).
Google Scholar
Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672, 91 S.Ct. 2091, 29 L.Ed.2d 790 (1971).
Google Scholar
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 102 S.Ct. 752, 70 L.Ed.2d 700 (1982).
Google Scholar
Vreeland v. Byrne, 370 A.2d 825, 72 N.J. 292 (1977).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(77)80126-1
Google Scholar
Washington State Legislature v. Lowry, 931 P.2d 885, 131 Wash.2d 309 (1997).
Google Scholar
Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1, 84 S.Ct. 526, 11 L.Ed.2d 481 (1964).
Google Scholar
Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25, 69 S.Ct. 1359, 93 L.Ed. 1782 (1949).
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Funding data
-
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Grant numbers 2014/13/N/HS5/01110