Terytoria „buforowe” w stosunkach polsko‑rosyjskich
Przypadek Białorusi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.45.12Keywords:
buffer area, buffer state, Belarus, Poland, Russia, Poland‑Russia relations, Belarus‑Poland relationsAbstract
Buffer territories in Polish‑Russian relations: the case of Belarus
The notion of buffer territories is understood as referring either to buffer zones (whose status is usually reflected in international documents) or to states and semi‑state subjects existing between bigger and usually antagonistic powers. Belarus has sometimes been described as a buffer country both in its pre‑sovereign version and after 1991. In several moments of Belarusian history, especially after 1918, neighboring powers tended to treat the area as a part of a bigger creation: either as a part of Russia (Soviet Russia and Germany) or as a segment of Bigger Lithuania (Poland and Lithuania). Those speculations, based on false geopolitical perceptions, turned out to be a mistake in all cases. The failure of the Belarusian People’s Republic led to the unnatural division of the nation, which resulted not only in the miserable conditions it had to overcome but in strengthening the area of potential conflict between powers as well. Today’s Republic of Belarus despite its semi‑authoritarian system and connections with the Russian Federation within the Eurasian structures provides a good example of a state which gradually works out its independent position in international relations.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Dokumenty i państwowe publikacje statystyczne (w porządku chronologicznym) Odezwa Naczelnego Wodza Józefa Piłsudskiego do mieszkańców byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, „Monitor Polski” 1919, 28 IV, nr 95 (dział nieurzędowy).
Google Scholar
Drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII.1931 r. Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe. Ludność. Stosunki zawodowe. Województwo poleskie, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 1938, Statystyka Polski. Seria C, z. 87.
Google Scholar
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma Verhovnogo Soveta Respubliki Belarusʹ „O rezulʹtatah golosovaniâ na referendume SSSR 17 marta 1991 goda v Belorusskoj SSR po voprosu o sohranenii Soûza Sovetskih Socialističeskih Respublik”, PRAVO – Zakono-datelʹstvo Respubliki Belarusʹ, [online] http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47707.htm.
Google Scholar
Soobŝenie Centralʹnoj komissii Respubliki Belarusʹ po vyboram i provedeniû respublikanskih referendumov „Ob itogah golosovaniâ na respublikanskom referendume 14 maâ 1995 goda”, Web Archive, [online] http://web.archive.org/web/20110720220048/http://www.rec.gov.by/refer/ref1995resdoc.html.
Google Scholar
Dogovor o sozdanii Soûznogo Gosudarstva, soveršeno v Moskve 8 dekabrâ 1999 goda, Informacionno‑analitičeskij portal Soûznogo gosudarstva, [online] http://www.soyuz.by/about/docs/dogovor5/.
Google Scholar
Nacionalʹnyj sostav naseleniâ Respubliki Belarusʹ, t. 3, Nacionalʹnyj statističeskij komitet Respubliki Belorusʹ, Minsk 2011.
Google Scholar
Opracowania
Google Scholar
Balmaceda M.M., Living the High Life in Minsk. Russian Energy Rents, Domestic Populism and Belarus’ Impending Crisis, Budapest 2014.
Google Scholar
Białoruś w stosunkach międzynarodowych, red. I. Topolski, Lublin 2009.
Google Scholar
Buffer States in World Politics. Sessions. 25th Annual Meeting. Selected Papers, red. J. Chay, Th.E. Ross, Boulder 1986, Westview Special Studies in International Relations.
Google Scholar
Carney C.P., International Patron‑Client Relationships. A Conceptual Framework, „Studies in Comparative International Development” 1989, Vol. 24, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02687171.
Google Scholar
Dane statystyczne, dotyczące Kościoła Rzymskokatolickiego na Białorusi (stan na 1 marca 2009 r.), Catholic.by, [online] http://www.catholic.by/2/pl/belarus/church‑bel‑history/101100‑stat.html.
Google Scholar
Eberhardt A., Gra pozorów. Stosunki rosyjsko‑białoruskie 1991‑2008, Warszawa 2008.
Google Scholar
Huntington S.P., Zderzenie cywilizacji i nowy kształt ładu światowego, przeł. H. Jankowska, Warszawa 1997, Spectrum.
Google Scholar
Konończuk W., Trudny „sojusznik”. Białoruś w polityce Rosji, Warszawa 2008, Prace OSW, 28.
Google Scholar
Kopstein J., Wittenberg J., Who Voted Communists? Reconsidering the Social Bases of Radicalism in Interwar Poland, „Slavic Review” 2003, Vol. 62, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090468.
Google Scholar
Lenin W., O prawie narodów do samostanowienia, [w:] tenże, Dzieła wybrane, t. 1, Warszawa 1949.
Google Scholar
Minister Waszczykowski na Białorusi: rozmowy bez warunków wstępnych, Portal Spraw Zagranicznych, 26 III 2016, [online] http://www.psz.pl/124‑polityka/minister‑waszczykowski‑na‑bialorusi‑rozmowy‑bez‑warunkow‑wstepnych.
Google Scholar
Mironowicz A., Diecezja białoruska 1633‑1669, „Białostockie Teki Historyczne” 2005, t. 3.
Google Scholar
Mironowicz E., Polityka zagraniczna Białorusi 1990‑2010, Białystok 2011.
Google Scholar
Mishra A.K., Eroding Buffer States: Nepal and Bhutan, Delhi 2013.
Google Scholar
Najder Z., Doktryna ULB – koncepcja Giedroycia i Mieroszewskiego w XXI wieku, „Nowa Europa Wschodnia” 2010, 2 VII, [online] http://www.new.org.pl/99,post.html.
Google Scholar
Radzik R., Białorusini – między wschodem a zachodem, Lublin 2012.
Google Scholar
Roskin M.G., National Interest. From Abstraction to Strategy, Carlisle Barracks (PA) 1994.
Google Scholar
Soszyński R., 400‑lecie Unii Brzeskiej 1596‑1996, Marki 1996.
Google Scholar
Yafimava K., Post‑Soviet Russian‑Belarussian Relationships. The Role of Gas Transit Pipelines, Stuttgart 2007, Soviet and Post‑Soviet Politics and Society, 42.
Google Scholar
Aleksandr Kozulin: «Buduŝee Belarusi – v Evrope», Novaâ Eўropa, 29 II 2008, [online] http://n‑europe.eu/content/p/3635.
Google Scholar
Danilevskij N., Rossiâ i Evropa, rozdz. 15: Vseslavânskij soûz, [online] http://www.vehi.net/danilevsky/rossiya/15.html.
Google Scholar
Dergačev V., Bufernoe gosudarstvo, [w:] tenże, Geopolitika. Russkaâ geopolitičeskaâ ènciklopediâ, 2010‑2014, [online] http://dergachev.ru/Russian‑encyclopaedia/02/83.html.
Google Scholar
Konfessionalʹnaâ struktura sovremennoj Belarusi, Zavtra sessiâ, [online] http://www.zavtrasessiya.com/index.pl?act=PRODUCT&id=672.
Google Scholar
Lukašenko: Belarusʹ ne bufernoe gosudarstvo i ne vassal ni Evrosoûza, ni Rossii, Naviny. by, 22 VII 2004, [online] http://naviny.by/rubrics/politic/2004/07/22/ic_news_112_251038/.
Google Scholar
Lukašenko: problem s katoličeskimi svâŝennikami v strane net, no «estʹ te, kto dopuskaet pravonarušeniâ», Katolik.ru, 29 I 2015, [online] http://www.katolik.ru/strany‑sng/121386‑lukashenko‑problem‑s‑katolicheskimi‑svyashchennikami‑v‑strane‑net‑no‑est‑te‑kto‑dopuskaet‑pravonarusheniya.html.
Google Scholar
Malinovskij P., Rossiâ v „slavânskom teugolʹnike” SNG: globalʹnyj kontekst, [w:] Rossiâ i ee sosedi. „Slavânskij treugolʹnik” v SNG, Moskva 2002.
Google Scholar
Religioznye konfessii v Belarusi. Statistika, „Pravoslavnyj Dajdžest Novostej”, [online] http://cerkov.by/page/religioznye‑konfessii‑v‑belarusi‑statistika.
Google Scholar
Rossiâ vernula v Belorussiû 190 tonn polʹskih i moldavskih âblok, Lenta.ru, 5 I 2015, [online] http://lenta.ru/news/2015/01/05/apple/.
Google Scholar
Surovcev Û., Psevdoalʹternativa: Belorussiâ i Ukraina meždu „Evropoj” i Rossiej, [w:] Rossiâ i ee sosedi. „Slavânskij treugolʹnik” v SNG, Moskva 2002.
Google Scholar
Trenin D., Post‑imperium. Evrazijskaâ istoriâ, Moskva 2012.
Google Scholar
Ânenko D., Belarusʹ religioznaâ: ni svobody, ni sovesti, Tovariŝ Online, 22 V 2013, [online] http://www.camarade.biz/node/7719.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.