Idea wolności i ekspresja artystycznego buntu w nowoczesnej poezji hindi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.31_1.06Keywords:
modern poetry in Hindi, idea of protest, idea of freedom, social function of poetry, free imaginationAbstract
The idea of freedom and the expression of artistic protest in modern Hindi poetry
Artistic expression of the idea of freedom in Hindi poetry of the first half of the 20th century evolved from a desire for political autonomy, through a need for social emancipation, towards a desire for freedom of artistic imagination. Since the notions of freedom and artistic individuality – understood in the European manner – did not exist in India, a demand for creative freedom meant not only breaking the accepted aesthetic and artistic rules through introducing a new style or the spoken idiom, but also by rejecting the world‑view, determined by the religious and philosophical tradition. This article presents some of the consequences of a distinctive artistic revolt, which on the philosophical level meant simply a desire for the signified to become one with the signifier, and on the strictly literary level – a desire for transgression beyond stereotypes (such as aesthetic cannon, style, etc.), towards the modern form of poetry existing in language.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Atharwaweda. Hymny wybrane, przeł. H. Marlewicz, C. Galewicz, Kraków 1999.
Google Scholar
Czekalska R., Rodowody nowoczesnej poezji hindi (od ćhajawadu do nai kawita), Kraków 2008.
Google Scholar
Eliade M., Traktat o historii religii, przeł. J. Wiertusz‑Kowalski, Łódź 1993, Plejada.
Google Scholar
Frauwallner E., Historia filozofii indyjskiej, przeł. L. Żylicz, t. 1‑2, Warszawa 1990.
Google Scholar
Gaeffke P., Hindi Literature in the Twentieth Century, Wiesbaden 1978.
Google Scholar
Handa R.L., History of Hindi Language and Literature, Bombay 1978.
Google Scholar
History of Indian Literature, red. J. Gonda, t. 8: Modern Indo-Aryan, cz. 1, fasc. 5.
Google Scholar
Jindal K.B., A History of Hindi Literature, New Delhi 1993, History of Indian Literature, red. J. Gonda, t. 8: Modern Indo‑Aryan Literatures, cz. 1, fasc. 5.
Google Scholar
Kavitā kā śuklpaks. , red. B. Sim . h, A. Pradhān, Nayī Dillī 2001.
Google Scholar
Kowalska‑Soni A., Współczesna poezja hindi a rodzima tradycja literacka, „Przegląd Orientalistyczny” 1968, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Kozielecki J., Transgresja i kultura, Warszawa 1997.
Google Scholar
Lemert Ch., Gillian G., Michel Foucault. Teoria społeczna i transgresja, przeł. D. Leszczyński, L. Rasiński, Warszawa–Wrocław 1999.
Google Scholar
Lévinas E., Całość i nieskończoność. Esej o zewnętrzności, przeł. M. Kowalska, Warszawa 1998, Biblioteka Współczesnych Filozofów.
Google Scholar
Literary Cultures in History. Reconstructions from South Asia, red. S. Pollock, New Delhi 2004.
Google Scholar
Machve P., Modernity and Contemporary Indian Literature, New Delhi 1978.
Google Scholar
Mahādevī Varmā. Sam. cayitā, red. N. Jain, Nayī Dillī 2002.
Google Scholar
Maithilīśaran. Gupt. Sam. cayitā, red. N. Naval, Naī Dillī–Pat. nā 2002.
Google Scholar
McGregor R.S., Hindi Literature from its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century, Wiesbaden 1984, History of Indian Literature, 8.
Google Scholar
Nirālā sam. cayitā, red. D. . Rameścadr Śāh, Nayī Dillī 2001.
Google Scholar
Pandey I.P., Hindi Literature, Trends and Traits, Calcutta 1975.
Google Scholar
Rai A., Hindi Nationalism, New Delhi 2007, Tracts for the Times, 13.
Google Scholar
Rilke R.M., Śpiew jest istnieniem, przeł. B. Antochewicz, Wrocław 1994.
Google Scholar
Rutkowska T., Historical Elements in the Riti Poetry (On the Example of Bhušaň’s Works), [w:] Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Theoretical Problems of Asian and African Literatures, red. M. Gálik, Bratislava 1983.
Google Scholar
Rutkowska T., Kanon a wartość dzieła literackiego (w obronie literatury riti), „Przegląd Orientalistyczny” 1979, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Rutkowska T., Stasik D., Zarys historii literatury hindi, Warszawa 1992.
Google Scholar
Sahaj R., Wolność pisarza i wolność państwa, przeł. B. Budzianowska, „Literatura na Świecie” 1980, nr 10.
Google Scholar
Schomer K., Mahadevi Varma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry, Delhi 1998.
Google Scholar
Stern A., Poezja zbuntowana. Szkice i wspomnienia, Warszawa 1970.
Google Scholar
Tār Saptak, red. Ajñeyā, Nayī Dillī 1995.
Google Scholar
Tucci G., Mandala, przeł. I. Kania, Kraków 2002.
Google Scholar
Varma R.S., The Influence of English on Modern Hindi Poetry & Criticism, Allahabad 1954.
Google Scholar
Vatsyayan S.H., Hindi Literature, [w:] Contemporary Indian Literature. A Symposium, New Delhi 1957.
Google Scholar
Walka romantyków z klasykami, wstęp i oprac. S. Kawyn, Wrocław 1960, Biblioteka Narodowa, I 183.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.