The Paradigm of Light in the Hindu-Muslim Religious Culture of Rajasthan

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12797/CIS.27.2025.02.02

Keywords:

Dādū, Dādūpanth, nirguṇa bhakti, Nizārī Ismailism, Sufism

Abstract

Nizārī Ismailism was a major strand in the fluid religious culture of Rajasthan and its periphery. D. S. Khan (1997) submitted the hypothesis that it also helped shape sects of nirguṇa bhakti, such as the Dādūpanth, which emerged as late as the 16th century. The article tests the case of this sect by a textual study focusing on the paradigm of light in the thought of Dādū and his disciples and related to the same paradigm elsewhere in the regional religious landscape. Dādū’s bhakti beyond the Hindu-Muslim divide was characterized by the impulse it received from Sufism, conspicuously at a time when Nizārī Ismailism itself had been impacted by this for about three centuries.

References

Abu-Rabia, A. 2015. The Mystical Power of Saliva in the Middle East and Islamic Cultures. In: Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Science, 4(2): 71–77. https://independent.academia.edu/ArefAbuRabia (last accessed on 25.05.2025).

Balmotra, K. 2021. The Mystic Sufi Saint in Jammu: Peer Baba Budhan Ali Shah. In: A. Chauhan (ed.). Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region. Singapore–Berlin: Springer: 59–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_4

Bayly, S. 1986. Islam in Southern India: ‘Purist’ or ‘Syncretic’? In: C. A. Bayly and D. H. A. Kolff (eds). Two Colonial Empires: Comparative Essays on the History of India and Indonesia in the Nineteenth Century. Dordrecht: Nijhoff: 35–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4366-7_3 (last accessed on 25.05.2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4366-7_3

Behl, A. 2013. Love’s Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545. W. Doniger (ed.). New York–Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146707.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146707.001.0001

Boivin, M. and M. Pénicaud (eds). 2024. Inter-Religious Practices and Saint Veneration in the Muslim World: Khidr/Khizr from the Middle East to South Asia. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003386285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003386285

Callewaert, W. M. and B. Op de Beeck (eds). 1991. Nirguṇ bhakti sāgar: Devotional Hindī Literature, 2 vols. New Delhi: Manohar.

Callewaert, W. M., S. Sharma and D. Taillieu (eds). 2000. The Millennium Kabīr Vāṇī: A Collection of Pad-s. New Delhi: Manohar.

Corbin, H. 2012 [1958]. L’imagination créatrice dans le soufisme d’Ibn ʿArabī. Paris: Éditions Entrelacs.

Dādū. 1985 [1907]. Dādūbāṇī (Śrīsvāmī dadudayāljī mahārāj kī anbhai bāṇī). Aṅgabandhu saṭīk. C. Tripāṭhī (ed.). Vārāṇasī: Sant Sāhitya Akādamī.

Dvivedī, H. (ed.). vs 2014. Nāth siddhõ kī bāniyā̃. Kāśī: Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā.

Franke, H. 2005. Akbar und Ğahāngīr. Untersuchungen zur politischen und religiösen Legitimation in Text und Bild. Schenefeld: EB-Verlag.

Franke, P. 2022. Khiḍr. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. https://doiorg.ubproxy.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_35534 (accessed on 7.02.2025).

GopS Gopāldās. 1993. The Sarvāṅgī of Gopāldās: A 17th Century Anthology of Bhakti Literature. W. M. Callewaert (ed.). New Delhi: Manohar.

Hillenbrand, R. 2015. The Uses of Light in Islamic Architecture. In: J. Bloom and S. Blair (eds). God Is the Light of the Heavens and the Earth: Light in Islamic Art and Architecture. New Haven–London: Yale University Press: 86–121.

Horstmann, M. 2022. Guru Dādū in the Perception of His Direct Disciples. In: I. Keul and S. Raman (eds). Religious Authority in South Asia: Generating the Guru. London: Routledge: 51–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/b23095-4

Horstmann, M., and D. Gold. Forthcoming. Pṛthīnāth: Nāth Siddha Yoga and Intertwined Traditions in the Sixteenth Century. In: Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien.

Horstmann, M., and D. S. Rajpurohit. 2023. In the Shrine of the Heart: Sants of Rajasthan from the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing.

Ibn ʿArabī, M. 2008 [1958]. La Sagesse des Prophètes. T. Burckhardt (transl.). Paris: Albin Michel.

Jangopāl. 1988. The Hindī Biography of Dādū Dayāl. W. M. Callewaert (ed., transl.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Kavi, J. 1996 [1953]. Kyāmkhān rāsā. D. Śarmā, A. Nāhṭā and B. Nāhṭā (eds). R. Miśra (transl.). Jodhpur: Rājasthān Prācyavidyā Pratiṣṭhān.

Kavi, J. Ratnāvatī kathā. MS. no. 37902. Jodhpur: Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute. Unedited.

Khan, D. S. 1997. Conversions and Shifting Identities: Ramdev Pir and the Ismailis in Rajasthan. New Delhi: Manohar and Centre de Sciences Humaines.

Khwaja Khizr Khan. Mughal, mid-17th century (Fig.1). https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O85611/painting-khwaja-khizr-khan/ (last accessed on 25.05.2025).

Lorenzen, D. N. and P. Agrawal. 2024. So Says Jan Gopal: The Life and Work of a Bhakti Poet of Early Modern India. New Delhi: Speaking Tiger Books.

Malik, J. 1997. Islamische Gelehrtenkultur in Nordindien: Entwicklungsgeschichte und Tendenzen am Beispiel von Lucknow. Leiden–New York– Köln: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004450301

Mallison, F. 2019. Religious Culture of Gujarat: Twelfth to Twentieth Century.Delhi: Primus.

Moin, A. A. 2012. The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam. New York–Chichester: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231160377.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/moin16036

Museum with no Frontiers: Discover Islamic Art (Database). Moscheelampe–Discover Islamic Art–Virtual Museum (last accessed on 22.11.2024).

Nanji, A. 1978. The Nizārī Ismāʿīlī Tradition of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. New York: Caravan Books.

Nārāyaṇdās, S. (1975). Śrī dādū caritāmr̥ ta, 2 vols. Jaypur: Mantrī, Svāmī Jayrāmdās Smr̥ti Granthmālā.

Orr, W. G. (1947). A Sixteenth-Century Indian Mystic. London–Redhill: Lutterworth Press.

Rāghavdās. 1965. Bhaktmāl. Caturdās (comm.), A. Nāhṭā (ed.). Jodhpur: Rājasthān Prācyavidyā Pratiṣṭhān.

Rāghavdās. n.d. Bhaktmāl (Caturdās jī kr̥ t padya ṭīkā tathā bhaktcaritra prakāśikā gadya ṭīka sahit). S. Nārāyaṇdās (ed.). Jaypur: Śrī Dādū Dayālu Mahāsabhā.

Rajjab. 2010. Sarbaṅgī. B. Siṁhal (ed.). Rāygaṛh–Chattīsgaṛh: Brajmohan Sāṁvaṛiyā.

Rizvi, S. A. A. 1970. Ṣūfīs and Nāth Yogīs in Medieval Northern India (XII to XVI Centuries). In: Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, 1(1–2): 119–133.

Schimmel, A. 1975. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

Thiel-Horstmann, M. 1985. Nächtliches Wachen. Eine Form indischen Gottesdienstes. Bonn: Indica et Tibetica Verlag.

Thiel-Horstmann, M.1992. An Oral Theology: Dādūpanthī Homilies. In: R. S. McGregor (ed.). Devotional Literature in South Asia: Current Research, 1985–1988. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 36–48.

Vimercati Sanseverino, R. 2013. Al-Nūr al-muḥammadi – the Light of the Prophet. In: C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker (eds). Mohammed in History: Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God, 2 vols. Santa Barbara–California–Denver–Colorado–Oxford: ABC Clio: 344–348.

White, D. G. 1996. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226149349.001.0001

Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226149349.

Downloads

Published

2025-11-25 — Updated on 2025-12-05

Versions

How to Cite

“The Paradigm of Light in the Hindu-Muslim Religious Culture of Rajasthan”. (2025) 2025. Cracow Indological Studies 27 (2): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.12797/CIS.27.2025.02.02.

Similar Articles

1-10 of 13

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.