Heterogeneity, Compliance and Enforcement of Public International Law Remarks on Sanctions and Countermeasures
Legal Theory and the Sociology of Law Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.63.01Keywords:
institutionalization and heterogenity of public international law, legal sociology and axiology, international community, sanction and countermeasures, legal international liability of public international law, legal responsibility of statesAbstract
This paper discusses issues with law enforcement and compliance in the area of public international law. It presents the conditions affecting the quality of the application of legal norms of public international law. Analysis of the problem is multifactorial. While presenting the law enforcement process, attention is drawn to the question of the standards of execution of international legal norms that run contrary to national law. This phenomenon has been identified as and called by the authors “discovering law (legal norms) through sanctions”. The main issue concerns theoretical and legal philosophical issues: the legal responsibility of states, coercive measures against states, sanctions and countermeasures in public international law and in international relations. The authors critinstitutionalization and heterogenity of public international lawicize the contemporary model of the legal responsibility of states, pointing to a feedback loop between the concept of sanctions and the principle of the sovereigntyof a state. Homogenization and globalization processes overlap only slightly in public international law. Also, institutionalization and constitutionalization have slowed. We argue that the PIL system is threatened by the effects of sui generis rejection of legal norms by a state in relation to certain countries while claiming that these legal norms apply to other countries. The system is also under threat by the effects of strong nationalist tendencies among PMP actors, as well as the international community itself. The conclusion and recommendation of the authors suggest that the lack of analysis of socio-legal publicinternational law is undesirable and harmful to that area of law. We claim that itnegatively affects macro-social efficiency and, above all, the supranational and interstate (intergovernmental) level of effectiveness. It impairs the process of institutionalization of public international law and hinders the process of socialization, sensu largissimo.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Aristotle, Etyka nikomachejska, transl. by D. Gromska, Warszawa 2012.
Google Scholar
Austin J., The Province of Jurisprudence Determined; and The Uses of The Study of Jurisprudence, London 1954.
Google Scholar
Bauman Z., Globalizacja. I co z tego dla ludzi wynika, transl. by E. Klekot, Warszawa 2000.
Google Scholar
Bierzanek R., Symonides J. (eds), Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne, Warszawa 2003.
Google Scholar
Brown S., New Forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics, Glanview, IL 1988.
Google Scholar
Caruso R., “The Impact of International Economic Sanctions on Trade. An Empirical Analysis”, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, vol. 9, no. 2 (2003), https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-8597.1061.
Google Scholar
Charney J.I., “The Impact on the International Legal System of the Growth of International Courts and Tribunals”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 31, no. 4 (1999).
Google Scholar
Cohen C., Gabel J., “2015 Global Forecast. Crisis and Opportunity”, CSIS, at https://www.csis.org/analysis/2015-global-forecast, 9 June 2019.
Google Scholar
Cyprian T., Sawicki J., Prawo norymberskie. Bilans i perspektywy, Warszawa–Kraków 1948.
Google Scholar
Czapliński W., Wyrozumska A., Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne. Zagadnienia systemowe, Warszawa 2000.
Google Scholar
Damrosch L., “Art. 56”, in A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice. A Contemporary, Oxford 2006.
Google Scholar
“Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries, 2001”, United Nations, 2008, at <http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf>, 11 June 2019.
Google Scholar
Ehrlich L., Prawo narodów, Kraków 1947.
Google Scholar
Farrall J.M., United Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law, Cambridge, UK 2007, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494352
Google Scholar
Góralczyk W., Sawicki S., Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne w zarysie, Warszawa 2006.
Google Scholar
Greenwood C., “The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Global Community”, University of California Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, vol. 17, no. 2 (2011).
Google Scholar
Heillebrand E., Bervotes J., Economic Sanctions and ‘The Sanctions Paradox’: A Post-Sample Validation of Daniel Drezner’s Conflict Expectations Model, at <http://www.uky.edu/~ehill2/dynpage_upload/files/Economic%20Sanctions%20and%20The%20Sanctions%20Paradox.pdf>, 9 June 2019.
Google Scholar
Huntington S.P., Zderzenie cywilizacji i nowy kształt ładu światowego, transl. by H. Jankowska, Warszawa 2007.
Google Scholar
Jellinek G., Ogólna nauka o państwie, transl. by A. Peretiatkowicz, Warszawa 1921.
Google Scholar
Kaźmierczyk S., “O trzech aspektach jakości prawa”, Studia z Polityki Publicznej, no. 1 (2015), https://doi.org/10.33119/KSzPP.2015.1.5.
Google Scholar
Kunz J.L., “Sanctions in International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Apr., 1960), https://doi.org/10.2307/2195251.
Google Scholar
Kwiecień R., Miejsce umów międzynarodowych w porządku prawnym państwa polskiego, Warszawa 2000.
Google Scholar
Lachs M., “Prawne gwarancje praw człowieka”, Nowa Polska (Londyn) no. 4 (1946).
Google Scholar
Łoś-Nowak T., Wstęp do teorii stosunków międzynarodowych, Poznań 1999.
Google Scholar
Menkes J., “Ex iniuria(?) ius non oritur(?) Ex factis ius oritur”, in K. Karski (ed.), Kierunki rozwoju współczesnego prawa międzynarodowego, Warszawa 2015.
Google Scholar
Menkes J., “Prawne i polityczne determinanty sporu wokół Oświadczenia Rządu PRL z dnia 23 sierpnia 1953 roku w sprawie zrzeczenia się reparacji od Niemiec”, in idem (ed.), Prawo międzynarodowe – problemy i wyzwania. Księga pamiątkowa Profesor Renaty Sonnenfeld-Tomporek, Warszawa 2006.
Google Scholar
Menkes M., Stosowanie sankcji gospodarczych. Analiza prawnomiędzynarodowa, Toruń 2011.
Google Scholar
Mik C., “Teoria obowiązków pozytywnych państw-stron traktatów w dziedzinie praw człowieka na przykładzie Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka”, in J. Białkocerkiewicz, M. Balcerzak, A. Czeczko-Durlak (eds.), Księga Jubileuszowa profesora Tadeusza Jasudowicza, Toruń 2004.
Google Scholar
Morawski L., “Suwerenność i prawo międzynarodowe – od prawa państw do prawa ludów”, Forum Prawnicze, no. 1 (2001).
Google Scholar
Nowicki M., “Sankcje jako wolicjonalny środek wywierania presji na państwa naruszające ład międzynarodowy”, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 406 (2015).
Google Scholar
Oechslim M., “Targeting Autocrats: Economic Sanctions and Regime Change”, NCCR Trade Working Paper, no. 31 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pałecki K., “Neutralization of Values in Law – An Outline of the Concept”, in idem (ed.), Neutralization of Values in Law, Warszawa 2013.
Google Scholar
Paulson S.L., “An Empowerment Theory of Legal Norm”, Ratio Iuris, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1988.tb00004.x.
Google Scholar
Pellet A., “The Definition of Responsibility in International Law”, in J. Crawford, A. Pellet, S. Olleson (eds.), The Law of International Responsibility, Oxford 2010.
Google Scholar
Redelbach A., Wronkowska S., Ziembiński Z., Zarys teorii państwa i prawa, Warszawa 1994.
Google Scholar
Ryszka J., Sankcje gospodarcze wobec podmiotów zewnętrznych w prawie i praktyce Unii Europejskiej, Toruń 2008.
Google Scholar
Simma B., “Self-Contained Regimes”, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, vol. 16 (1985), https://doi.org/10.1017/S0167676800003482.
Google Scholar
Sztompka P., Socjologia. Analiza społeczeństwa, Kraków 2002.
Google Scholar
Tyranowski J., “Suwerenna równość i interwencja w prawie humanitarnym”, in C. Mik (ed.), Pokój i sprawiedliwość przez prawo międzynarodowe. Zbiór studiów z okazji sześćdziesiątej rocznicy urodzin Profesora Janusza Gilasa, Toruń 1997.
Google Scholar
Wallensteen P., A Century of Economic Sanctions. A Field Revisited, Uppsala 2000 (Uppsala Peace Research Papers, no. 1).
Google Scholar
Wróblewski J., “Skuteczność prawa i problemy jej badania”, Studia Prawnicze, no. 1-2 (1980).
Google Scholar
Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. 2, pt. 2 (2001), at https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_2001_v2_p2.pdf, 9 June 2019.
Google Scholar
Zajadło J., “Prawo międzynarodowe wobec problemu ‘państwa upadłego’”, Państwo i Prawo, no. 2 (2005).
Google Scholar
Zajadło J., “Słuszna przyczyna jako przesłanka legitymizacyjna interwencji humanitarnej. Studium z filozofii prawa międzynarodowego”, Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego, vol. 5, no. 1-2 (2005).
Google Scholar
Zajadło J., “Społeczność czy wspólnota międzynarodowa?”, Państwo i Prawo, no. 9 (2005).
Google Scholar
Zarate J., “After the Sanctions, Prepare for the Russian Counterattack”, Kyiv Post, 25 September 2014, at https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/juan-zarate-after-the-sanctions-prepare-for-the-russian-counterattack-365903.html, 11 June 2019.
Google Scholar
Ziembiński Z., Teoria prawa, Warszawa–Poznań 1978.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
