Wsparcie Zachodu dla Ukrainy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.21.2024.93.04Keywords:
Ukraine, war, West, USA, European UnionAbstract
THE WEST’S SUPPORT FOR UKRAINE
The article analyzes the Western approach to the war in Ukraine, taking into account primarily political and military aspects. The author puts forward the hypothesis that the first year of the war was characterized by a ‘moral’ approach based on democratic values, which can be considered close to liberalism in the international relations’ theory. In the second year of the war, on the other hand, the Western position began to be dominated by a rational and pragmatic approach inspired by political realism. The emotional pressure caused by the mass killings in Bucha and Irpin persuaded the West to help. However, the Ukrainian counteroffensive launched in the summer of 2023 did not bring the expected victories. The imposition of sanctions on Russia by Western countries did not lead to the collapse of its economy, and most EU countries recorded only slight economic growth in 2023. As a result, the rhetoric of politicians demanding the fastest possible end to the war with Russia through peace negotiations is gaining popularity.
Downloads
References
Agreement on Security Co-Operation between the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland and Ukraine, UK Government, 12 I 2024, [online] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65a14a6ae96df50014f845d2/UK-Ukraine_Agreement_on_Security_Co-operation.pdf.
Agreement on Security Cooperation and Long-Term Support between Ukraine and Denmark, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website, 23 II 2024, [online] https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferi-bezpeki-ta-dovgostrokovup-89185#:~:text=Denmark%20will%20provide%20long%2Dterm,565%20million%20in%20military%20support.
Agreement on Security Cooperation and Long-Term Support between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website, 16 II 2024, [online] https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferibezpeki-ta-dovgostrokovu-p-88985.
Agreement on Security Cooperation and Long-Term Support between Ukraine and France, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website, 16 II 2024, [online] https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferi-bezpeki-mizh-ukrayinoyu-ta-89005.
Agreement on Security Cooperation between Ukraine and Canada, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website, 24 II 2024, [online] https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferi-bezpeki-mizh-ukrayinoyu-ta-89233.
Agreement on Security Cooperation between Ukraine and Italy, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website, 24 II 2024, [online] https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferi-bezpeki-mizh-ukrayinoyu-ta-89245#:~:text=Italy%20
provided%20Ukraine%20with%208,into%20account%20Ukraine’s%20contingent%20 needs, 25 II 2024.
Andrukaitytė M., Lithuania’s Landsbergis: Bucha Massacre Can Be Called Genocide, EN Delfi, 6 IV 2022, [online] https://www.delfi.lt/en/politics/lithuania-s-landsbergis-bucha-mas sacre-can-be-called-genocide-89899777.
Applebaum A., The Reason Putin Would Risk War, „The Atlantic” 2022, 3 II, [online] https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/02/putin-ukraine-democracy/621465/.
Arms Transfers to Ukraine, Forum on the Arms Trade, [online] https://www.forumarmstrade.org/ukrainearms.html.
Biddle S., How Russia Stopped Ukraine’s Momentum, „Foreign Affairs” 2024, 29 I, [online] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/how-russia-stopped-ukraines-momentum?utm_medium=newsletters&utm_source=twofa&utm_campaign=Only%20the%20Middle%20East%20Can%20Fix%20the%20Middle%20East&utm_content=20240202&utm_term=FA%20This%20Week%20-%20112017.
Burchard H. von der, Goury-Laffont V., Ukraine Signs Security Pacts with Germany, France, Politico, 16 II 2024, [online] https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-signs-security-pactswith-germany-france/.
Cerda A., About Half of Republicans Now Say the U.S. Is Providing Too Much Aid to Ukraine, Pew Research Center, 8 XII 2023, [online] https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/12/08/about-half-of-republicans-now-say-the-us-is-providing-too-much-aid-to-ukraine/#:~:text=A%20new%20Pew%20Research%20Center,too%20much%20aid%20to%20Ukraine.
Debusmann Jr B., Wright G., Radford A., Germany Confirms It Will Provide Ukraine with Leopard 2 Tanks, BBC News, 25 I 2023, [online] https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-64391272.
Erman G., Zahid vidvertayetsya vid Ukrainy? Yak nalashtovani partneri i chi spravdi dopomoga pid zagrozoyu, BBC News Ukraina, 11 XII 2023, [online] https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/cgxpdx1dd1qo.
Fornusek M., Germany Passes 2024 Budget Providing Over $8 Billion in Military Aid for Ukraine, The Kyiv Independent, 3 II 2024, [online] https://kyivindependent.com/germany-passes-2024-budget-providing-over-8-billion-in-military-aid-for-ukraine/.
Gayet A., Packroff J., Protests in Brussels, Berlin against Arms Supply to Ukraine, Euractiv, 27 II 2023, [online] https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/protests-in-brusselsberlin-against-arms-supply-to-ukraine/.
GDP and Main Components (Output, Expenditure and Income), Eurostat, 23 II 2024, [online] https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NAMQ_10_GDP__custom_7680558/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=a4ce6a9d-7ef1-48f1-a5bf-e23a717fcf75.
Haass R., Kupchan C., Redefining Success in Ukraine: A New Strategy Must Balance Means and Ends, „Foreign Affairs” 2023, 17 XI, [online] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/redefining-success-ukraine.
Joint Statement by the Members of the European Council, Brussels, 24 II 2022, [online] https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/24/joint-statement-bythe-members-of-the-european-council-24-02-2022/.
Kabinet Reserveert €2 Miljard Voor Militaire Steun Aan Oekraïne, Ministerie van Defensie, 17 XI 2023, [online] https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/11/17/kabinet-reserveert-2-miljard-euro-voor-militaire-steun-aan-oekraine.
Krzywiecki J., Mateusz Morawiecki w Polsat News: Nie przekazujemy już żadnego uzbrojenia Ukrainie, Polsat News, 20 IX 2023, [online] https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/
2023-09-20/premier-mateusz-morawiecki-w-programie-gosc-wydarzen-transmisja-w-polsatnews-pl-od-1920/.
Kwiatkowska A. et al., W poszukiwaniu straconego czasu. Niemcy w erze Zeitenwende, „Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich” 2023, 9 XII, [online] https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/raport-osw/2023-09-12/w-poszukiwaniu-straconego-czasu.
Lopatka J., Cerny D., Czech Protesters Rally against Government’s Pro-Western Policies, Reuters, 16 IX 2023, [online] https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/czech-protesters-rally-against-governments-pro-western-policies-2023-0916/#:~:text=PRAGUE%2C%20Sept%2016%20(Reuters),and%20military%20support%20for%20Ukraine.
Luban D., Just War and Human Rights, „Philosophy & Public Affairs” 1980, vol. 9, no. 2.
Malinowski K., Epokowy zwrot (Zeitenwende) w niemieckiej polityce bezpieczeństwa: chwiejne podstawy i niepewne rezultaty, „Przegląd Zachodni” 2022, no. 3.
McFaul M., The Case for Supporting Ukraine is Crystal Clear, „Foreign Policy” 2023, 16 XI, [online] https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/16/ukraine-russia-war-us-congress-aid-weapons/.
Mearsheimer J., Heinrichs R., Kofman M., Experts Analyze State of Ukraine War 2 Years into Russia’s Invasion, PBS, 22 II 2024, [online] https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/experts-analyze-state-of-ukraine-war-2-years-into-russias-invasion.
Mearsheimer J.J., Playing with Fire in Ukraine: The Underappreciated Risks of Catastrophic Escalation, „Foreign Affairs” 2022, 17 VIII, [online] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/playing-fire-ukraine.
Miedziński P., Polska będzie produkować więcej amunicji i sprzętu dla Ukrainy? Minister Sikorski daje znaki, Portal Obronny, 18 I 2024, [online] https://portalobronny.se.pl/wojna-w-ukrainie/polska-bedzie-produkowac-wiecej-amunicji-i-sprzetu-dla-ukrainy-minister-sikorskidaje-znaki-aa-rShd-MsxT-D6zf.html.
Moravcsik A., Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics, „International Organization” 1997, vol. 51, no. 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550447
Morgenthau H.J., Polityka między narodami. Walka o potęgę i pokój, tłum. R. Włoch, przejrzał i uzup. K.W. Thompson, Warszawa 2010.
Niebywałe. Prezydent Bułgarii: Ukraina nalega na wojnę, O2, 16 VII 2023, [online] https://www.o2.pl/informacje/niebywale-prezydent-bulgarii-ukraina-nalega-na-wojne-6920140780264384a.
Ogrodnik Ł., „Słowacja na pierwszym miejscu” – polityka zagraniczna czwartego rządu Roberta Ficy, „Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych” 2024, 21 II, no. 29, [online] https://www.pism.pl/publikacje/slowacja-na-pierwszym-miejscu-polityka-zagraniczna-czwartegorzadu-roberta-ficy.
Prezydent Chorwacji staje po stronie Kremla. Powtarza rosyjską narrację o wojnie w Ukrainie, Onet, 16 I 2023, [online] https://www.onet.pl/informacje/onetwiadomosci/prezydent-chorwacji-staje-po-stronie-kremla-powtarza-rosyjska-narracje-o-wojnie-w/n8kpx27,79cfc278.
Rawls J., The Law of Peoples, Cambridge 1999.
Remarks by President Biden on Russia’s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine, The White House, Washington, 24 II 2022, [online] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
speeches-remarks/2022/02/24/remarks-by-president-biden-on-russias-unprovokedand-unjustified-attack-on-ukraine/.
Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, United Nations General Assembly, 18 X 2022, [online] https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n22/637/72/pdf/n2263772.pdf ?token=WWsXT2yCrAik0wMWLR&fe=true.
Russian Federation: Country Data, International Monetary Fund, IV 2024, [online] https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/RUS#countrydata.
Sangal A. et al., April 25, 2022 Russia-Ukraine News, CNN World, 26 IV 2022, [online] https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-04-25-22/h_7f2247b94752cb129ddd4798b69c953e.
Sankcje na Rosję słabo działają? Komisja Europejska: poczekajmy, zadziałają, „Rzeczpospolita”, 2023, 8 VII, [online] https://www.rp.pl/gospodarka/art38713591-sankcje-na-rosjeslabo-dzialaja-komisja-europejska-poczekajmy-zadzialaja.
Sankcji proty RF, Ministerstwo zakordonnych spraw Ukrainy, 9 II 2024, [online] https://mfa.gov.ua/sankciyi-proti-rf.
Schlag G., Moving Images and the Politics of Pity: A Multilevel Approach to the Interpretation of Images and Emotions, [w:] Researching Emotions in International Relations: Methodological Perspectives on the Emotional Turn, red. M. Clément, E. Sangar, Cham 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65575-8_9
Schmitt C., Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, transl. G. Schwab, for. T.B. Strong, Chicago–London 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226738901.001.0001
Singh D., The Tripartite Realist War: Analysing Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, Cham 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34163-2
Smagina A., Hto priyihav v Ukrainu? Prezidenti, prem’yer-ministri ta pershi ledi, yaki ne boyatsya pidtrimati nashu krayinu vizitami, Rubryka, 17 V 2022, [online] https://rubryka.com/article/partner-visits-to-ukraine/.
Sorgi G., Moens B., Braun E., EU Approves €50B Ukraine Aid as Viktor Orbán Folds, Politico, 1 II 2024, [online] https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-gets-eu-aid-as-orban-folds/#:~:text=European%20Union%20leaders%20on%20Thursday,Orb%C3%A1n%2C%20to%20drop%20his%20veto.
Standard Eurobarometer 100 – Autumn 2023: Public Opinion in the European Union, [online] https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3053.
Standard Eurobarometer 100 – Autumn 2023: The EU’s response to the war in Ukraine, [online] https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3053.
Statement on Russia’s Attack on Ukraine, North Atlantic Council, Brussels, 24 II 2022, [online] https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_192404.htm.
Statement on the Invasion of Ukraine by Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, G7 Leaders, Brussels, 24 II 2022, [online] https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/24/g7-leaders-statement-on-the-invasion-of-ukraine-by-armed-forces-ofthe-russian-federation/.
Tarociński J., Wilk A., Dostawy broni – konieczność dla Ukrainy, wyzwanie dla Zachodu, „Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich” 2023, 11 V, [online] https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2023-05-11/dostawy-broni-koniecznosc-dla-ukrainy-wyzwanie-dla-zachodu#_ftn2.
Trebesch C. et al., The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which Countries Help Ukraine and How?, Kiel Working Papers, II 2023, [online] https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/the-ukrainesupport-tracker-which-countries-help-ukraine-and-how-20852/.
Trebesch C., Ukraine Support Tracker: New Aid Drops to Lowest Level since January 2022, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 7 XII 2023, [online] https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/news/ukraine-support-tracker-new-aid-drops-to-lowest-level-since-january-
2022/#:~:text=Ukraine%20Support%20Tracker%3A%20New%20aid%20drops%20to%20lowest%20level%20since%20January%202022,-07.12.2023&text=The%20dynamics%20of%20support%20to,the%20same%20period%20in%202022.
U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine, Congressional Research Service, 15 II 2024, [online] https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12040#:~:text=FY2022%20and%20FY2023%20security%20assistance,Drawdown%20Authority%20(PDA%3B%2022%20U.S.C.
Ukraine Support Tracker, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 16 II 2024, [online] https://
www.ifw-kiel.de/topics/war-against-ukraine/ukraine-support-tracker/.
Walt S.M., The Top Five Lessons from Year One of Ukraine’s War, „Foreign Policy” 2023, 9 II, [online] https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/09/the-top-five-lessons-from-year-one-ofukraines-war/.
Waltz K., Theory of International Politics, Boston 1979.
Walzer M., Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, New York 2006.
Wiśniewski B., Teoria demokratycznego pokoju, [w:] Teorie i podejścia badawcze w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, red. R. Zięba, S. Bieleń, J. Zając, Warszawa 2015.
Wyrwał M., Ukraina w drugim roku wojny. Korupcja, polityczne awantury i gotująca się żaba, Onet, 22 XII 2023, [online] https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/ukrainaw-drugim-roku-wojny-korupcja-polityczne-awantury-i-gotujaca-sie-zaba/v4yp693.
Wystup Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskogo na Munchenskij konferencji z pytan bezpeky, Ministerstwo zakordonnych spraw Ukrainy, 17 II 2024, [online] https://mfa.gov.ua/news/vistup-prezidenta-volodimira-zelenskogo-na-myunhenskij-konferenciyi-z-pitan-bezpeki.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
