Wojna sprawiedliwa versus wojna święta
Zagadnienia doktrynalne historycznej konfrontacji
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.10.2013.26.01Keywords:
just war, holy warAbstract
Just war versus holy war. The doctrinal issues of the historical confrontation
In the first part of their article, the Authors outline the relations between the meaning of realism, pacifism, and the notion of just war. They claim that the premises of realism and pacifism are included in the notion of just war and analyze the content of the latter as stated by the ancient as well as medieval Christian tradition. It includes the insights of Aristotle, Cicero, Augustine, Aquinas, and others. The notion of just war that all these thinkers supported had a universal dimension and combined the justified reasons for war, the way it should be conducted and its true end which was the lasting and just peace. The Authors indicate that in the Middle Ages this notion was radically challenged by the idea of holy war. The thinkers who promoted it (Guibert of Nogent, Robert the Monk, Bernard of Clairvaux) rejected the universal normative force of the notion of just war. In fact, they applied it exclusively to the relations among Christian nations. Those who were not Christians, that is, Muslims as well as pagans, were to be considered not the subjects of war efforts but rather their objects. As such, they were to be defeated and destroyed, as the Muslims confronted by the crusaders or to be converted to Christianity by force as the Northern and Eastern European pagans invaded by the Teutonic Order.
Downloads
References
Arystoteles, Polityka, przeł. i oprac. L. Piotrowicz, wstęp K. Grzybowski, Wrocław 1953.
Asbridge T., Pierwsza krucjata. Nowe spojrzenie, przeł. E. Jagła, Poznań 2006.
Św. Augustyn, Epistola.
Św. Augustyn, Państwo Boże, przeł. W. Kubicki, Kęty 2002, Biblioteka Europejska.
Św. Augustyn, Przeciw Faustusowi, przeł. J. Sulowski, wstęp i oprac. W. Myszor, Warszawa 1991, Pisma Starochrześcijańskich Pisarzy, t. 55.
Św. Bernard z Clairvaux, De laude novae militiae ad Mililtes Templi liber.
Biblia Tysiąclecia.
Cyceron, O powinnościach, przeł. W. Kornatowski, Warszawa 1960, Biblioteka Klasyków Filozofii.
The Ethics of St. Augustine, ed. W. S. Babcock, Atlanta 1991.
From Just War to Modern Peace Ethics, red. H.‑ G. Justenhoven, W. A. Barbieri Jr., Berlin–Boston 2012.
Fulcher z Chartres, Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana.
Gesta Francorum.
Gilbert A., Democratic Individuality, Cambridge–New York 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607615
Gratian, Decreta.
Guibert of Nogent, The Deeds of God through the Franks. A Translation of Guibert de Nogent’s Gesta Dei per Francos, przeł. R. Levine, Woodbridge–Rochester 1997.
Holmes R. L., On War and Morality, Princeton 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400860142
Karoubi M. T., Just or Unjust War? International Law and Unilateral Use of Armed Force by States at the Turn of the 20th Century, Aldershot–Burlington 2004.
Kennan G. F., Realities of American Foreign Policy, Princeton 1954.
Kissinger H., Dyplomacja, przeł. S. Głąbiński, G. Woźniak, I. Zych, Warszawa 1996.
Kornatowski W., Społeczno‑ polityczna myśl św. Augustyna, Warszawa 1965.
Mattox J. M., Saint Augustine and the Theory of Just War, London–New York 2006.
Mayer H. E., Historia wypraw krzyżowych, przeł. T. Zatorski, Kraków 2008, Biblioteka Historii Kościoła.
Morgenthau H. J., Politics among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York 1954.
Morris C., The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West. From the Beginning to 1600, Oxford–New York 2005.
Neff S. C., War and the Law of Nations. A General History, Cambridge–New York 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494253
Norman R., Ethics, Killing and War, Cambridge–New York 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554568
Robert of Reims, Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade, przeł. C. Sweetenham, Aldershot–Burlington 2005.
Runciman S., Dzieje wypraw krzyżowych, t. 1: Pierwsza krucjata i założenie Królestwa Jerozolimskiego, przeł. J. Schwakopf, posł. B. Zientara, Warszawa 1997.
Russell F. H., The Just War in the Middle Ages, Cambridge–New York 1975.
Seckel E., Ueber Krieg und Recht in Rom, Berlin 1915.
Stevenson W. R. Jr., Christian Love and Just War. Moral Paradox and Political Life in St. Augustine and His Modern Interpreters, Macon 1987.
Teichman J., Pacifism and the Just War. A Study in Applied Philosophy, Oxford–New York 1986.
Św. Tomasz z Akwinu, Suma teologiczna, t. 16: Miłość, przeł. A. Głażewski, bmw [ca 2007]. Tyerman Ch., God’s War. A New History of the Crusades, Cambridge 2006.
Wielgus S., Teoria ius gentium w średniowiecznej Polsce. Geneza, historia, twórcy, oryginalność, główne problemy, „Człowiek w Kulturze” 1996, t. 8.
Zavala S., The Defence of Human Rights in Latin America (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries), Paris 1964.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
