Efekty spillover chińskich inwestycji zagranicznych w Angoli i Zambii
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.20.2024.89.18Keywords:
FDI, linkages, spillover effects, China, Angola, ZambiaAbstract
SPILLOVER EFFECT OF THE CHINESE FDI IN ANGOLA AND ZAMBIA
In recent years, Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa has attracted interest from both academia and the wider political world. Some postulate that Chinese companies – unlike Western corporations – have greater potential to initiate and carry out the structural transformation of the continent. Some researchers even indicate that thanks to the inflow of Chinese FDI, Africa may become “the next factory of the world”. The aim of this article is to analyse external effects (also called spillover effects) related to Chinese FDI in Africa using the examples of Angola and Zambia. According to the current state of knowledge, spillover effects are the most desirable effects of FDI in the host country, because the related increase in the productivity of local enterprises is key to the occurrence of structural transformation in local economies. The subject of the analysis presented in this article are three aspects (determinants) of spillover effects: (i) the potential of Chinese FDI to generate spillover effects, (ii) the absorptive capacity of local companies and (iii) local institutional settings favouring the occurrence of spillover effects. The findings indicate that due to the existence of weak and few linkages between foreign investors and local firms, spillover effects occur rarely and are relatively small. They are also not sufficient to initiate the transfer of valuable knowledge and technology. The presented research results were based on over 150 in-depth interviews and two rounds of surveys conducted among Chinese investors, Angolan and Zambian companies and representatives of local authorities.
Downloads
References
Ake C., The Political Economy of Africa, Essex 1981.
Ayers A.J., Beyond Myths, Lies and Stereotypes: The Political Economy of a ‘New Scramble for Africa’, „New Political Economy” 2013, vol. 18, no. 2, s. 227-257, https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2012.678821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2012.678821
Bernardino L.B., As Forças Armadas Angolanas: Contributos para a Edificação do Estado, Lisboa 2019.
Beuran M., Raballand G., Revilla J.E., Improving Aid Effectiveness in Aid-Dependent Countries: Lessons from Zambia, „Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne Working Paper” 2011, no. 2011.40, [online] https://ssrn.com/abstract=1893704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1893704
Birmingham D., Angola Revisited, „Journal of Southern African Studies” 1988, vol. 15, no. 1, s. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057078808708188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057078808708188
Blomström M., Persson H., Foreign Investment and Spillover Efficiency in an Underdeveloped Economy: Evidence from the Mexican Manufacturing Industry, „World Development” 1983, vol. 11, no. 6, s. 493-501, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(83)90016-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(83)90016-5
Brautigam D., The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford 2011.
Brautigam D., Xiaoyang T., African Shenzhen: China’s Special Economic Zones in Africa, „The Journal of Modern African Studies” 2011, vol. 49, no. 1, s. 27-54, [online] https://www.jstor.org/stable/23018877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X10000649
Burgess S., Beilstein J., This Means War? China’s Scramble for Minerals and Resource Nationalism in Southern Africa, „Contemporary Security Policy” 2013, vol. 34, no. 1, s. 120-143, https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2013.771095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2013.771095
Calabrese L., Tang X., Africa’s Economic Transformation: The Role of Chinese Investment, London 2020.
Calabrese L., Tang X., Economic Transformation in Africa: What is the Role of Chinese Firms?, „Journal of International Development” 2022, 35(1), s. 43-64, https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3664
Camba A., The Sino-Centric Capital Export Regime: State-Backed and Flexible Capital in the Philippines, „Development and Change” 2020, vol. 51, no. 4, s. 970-997, https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12604
Carmody P., The New Scramble for Africa, Hoboken 2017.
Carmody P., Kragelund P., Riberedo R., Africa’s Shadow Rise: China and the Mirage of African Economic Development, London 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350225411
Cheyng K., Lin P., Spillover Effects of FDI on Innovation in China: Evidence from the Provincial Data, „China Economic Review” 2004, vol. 15, no. 1, s. 25-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-951X(03)00027-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-951X(03)00027-0
A Criminal Enterprise? Shell’s Involvement in Human Rights Violations in Nigeria in the 1990s, Amnesty International, 28 XI 2017, [online] https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr44/7393/2017/en/.
Dietz J.L., Export-Enclave Economies, International Corporations, and Development, „Journal of Economic Issues” 1985, vol. 19, no. 2, s. 512-522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1985.11504391
van Donge J.K., Zambia Kaunda and Chiluba: Enduring Patterns of Political Culture, [w:] Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, red. J.A. Wiseman, London–New York 2002.
Dunning J.H., Lundan S.M., Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, Cheltenham 2014.
Fu Y., The Quiet China–Africa Revolution: Chinese Investment, „The Diplomat” 2021, 22 XI, [online] https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/the-quiet-china-africa-revolution-chinese-investment.
Gerschenkron A., Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Cambridge 1962.
Glass A.J., Saggi K., International Technology Transfer and the Technology Gap, „Journal of Development Economics” 1998, vol. 55, no. 2, s. 369-398, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00041-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00041-8
Gonçalves J., The Economy of Angola: From Independence to the 2008 Worldwide Crisis, „The Perspective of the World Review” 2010, vol. 2, no. 3, s. 73-89, [online] https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/6357/1/PWR_v2_n3_Economy.pdf.
Gorynia M., Bartosik-Purgat M., Jankowska B., Owczarzak R., Efekty zewnętrzne bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych – aspekty teoretyczne i wyniki badań empirycznych, „Ekonomista” 2006, nr 2, s. 185-204.
Gostomski E., Michałowski T., Ekspansja inwestycyjna Chin w Afryce, „Pieniądze i Więź” 2018, t. 21, nr 79, s. 121-131, [online] https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-900d38a6-dc7c-4188-ba84-f21214950338.
Görg H., Greenaway D., Foreign Direct Investment and Intra-Industry Spillovers: A Review of the Literature, „(GEP) Research Paper” 2003, nr 01/37, [online] https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/publications/papers/2001/01-37.aspx.
Gwiazda A., Globalna ekspansja gospodarcza Chin, Bydgoszcz 2013.
Herzer D., Hühne P., Nunnenkamp P., FDI and Income Inequality – Evidence from Latin American Economies, „Review of Development Economics” 2014, vol. 18, no. 4, s. 778-793, https://doi.org/10.1111/RODE.12118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12118
Hirschman A.O., The Strategy of Economic Development, New Haven–London 1958.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Indicadores de Emprego e Desemprego. Inquérito ao emprego em Angola, Luanda 2022.
International Monetary Fund, Quinta avaliação do Acordo Alargado do abrigo do Programa de Financiamento Ampliado e pedido de modificação dos critérios de desempenho, Washington 2021, [online] https://www.ucm.minfin.gov.ao/cs/groups/public/documents/document/aw4x/ntkz/~edisp/minfin1593723.pdf.
Javorcik B., Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages, „American Economic Review” 2004, vol. 94, no. 3, s. 605-627, https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464605
Jura J., de Carvalho P., Institutional and Cultural Obstacles of Chinese Spillover Effects in Angola, [w:] The Political Economy of Chinese FDI and Spillover Effects in Africa, red. D. Kopiński, P. Carmody, I. Taylor, Cham 2023, s. 154-175, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_6
Kaunda K., Zambia’s Economic Reforms, „African Affairs” 1968, vol. 67, no. 269, s. 295304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095787
Kennedy S., The Myth of the Beijing Consensus, „Journal of Contemporary China” 2010, vol. 19, no. 65, s. 461-477, https://doi.org/10.1080/10670561003666087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10670561003666087
Konadu-Agyemang K., IMF and World Bank Sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa, London 2018, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315210414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315210414
Kopiński D., Spillovers and the Effects of FDI: The Overview, [w:] The Political Economy of Chinese FDI and Spillover Effects in Africa, red. D. Kopiński, P. Carmody, I. Taylor, Cham 2023, s. 47-92, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_3
Kopiński D., Polus A., Sino-Zambian Relations: ‘An All-Weather Friendship’ Weathering the Storm, „Journal of Contemporary African Studies” 2011, vol. 29, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2011.555193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2011.555193
Kopiński D., Polus A., Tycholiz W., Resource Curse or Resource Disease? Oil in Ghana, „African Affairs” 2013, vol. 112, no. 449, s. 583-601, [online] https://www.jstor.org/stable/43817370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adt056
Kozłowska A., Szczepkowska-Flis A., Efekty BIZ dla produktywności: kreacja czy destrukcja?, „Studia i Prace Wydziału Nauk Ekonomicznych i Zarządzania” 2014, nr 35/2, s. 93-108.
Kragelund P., Part of the Disease or Part of the Cure? Chinese Investments in the Zambian Mining and Construction Sectors, „European Journal of Development Research” 2009, vol. 21, no. 4, s. 644-661, https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.23
Levitsky S., Way L., Beyond Patronage: Violent Struggle, Ruling Party Cohesion, and Authoritarian Durability, „Perspectives on Politics” 2012, vol. 10, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592712002861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592712002861
Li H., Chinese Investors in Zambia and Angola: Motives, Profile, Strategies, [w:] The Political Economy of Chinese FDI and Spillover Effects in Africa, red. D. Kopiński, P. Carmody, I. Taylor, Cham 2023, s. 193-216, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_8
Li H., Kopiński D., Taylor I., China and the Troubled Prospects for Africa’s Economic Take-Off: Linkage Formation and Spillover Effects in Zambia, „Journal of Southern African Studies” 2022, vol. 48, no. 5, s. 861-882, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2023.2146410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2023.2146410
Liu Z., Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers: Theory and Evidence, „Journal of Development Economics” 2008, vol. 85, no. 1-2, s. 176-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.07.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.07.001
Lucas R.E., On the Mechanics of Economic Development, „Journal of Monetary Economics” 1988, vol. 22, no. 1, s. 3-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Martins V., Politics of Power and Hierarchies of Citizenship in Angola, „Citizenship Studies” 2017, vol. 21, no. 1, s. 100-115, https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2016.1252718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2016.1252718
McMillan M., Rodrik D., Verduzco-Gallo Í., Globalization, Structural Change, and Productivity Growth, with an Update on Africa, „World Development” 2014, vol. 63, s. 11-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.012
Mim B.S., Hedi A., Ben Ali M., Industrialization, FDI and Absorptive Capacities: Evidence from African Countries, „Economic Change and Restructuring” 2022, vol. 55, s. 1739-1766, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-021-09366-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-021-09366-0
Ministério das Finanças, Relatório de fundamentação do orçamento geral do Estado 2023, Luanda 2022.
Młynarski T., Chiny w Afryce – szansa czy neokolonializm w XXI wieku? Wybrane aspekty chińskiej obecności na kontynencie, „Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej” 2012, nr 1, s. 25-42, https://doi.org/10.4467/23538724GS.12.003.2026.
Moosa I.A., Theories of Foreign Direct Investment”, [w:] I.A. Moosa, Foreign Direct Investment, London 2002, s. 23-67, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403907493_2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403907493_2
Mormul J., Portuguese Colonial Legacy in Luso-African States – a Factor Leading to State Dysfunctionality or Favorable to Development?, „Politeja” 2018, t. 15, nr 56, s. 41-65, https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.15.2018.56.04. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.15.2018.56.04
Morrissey O., FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: Few Linkages, Fewer Spillovers, „European Journal of Development Research” 2012, vol. 24, no. 1, s. 26-31, https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.492012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.49
OECD, Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, Third Edition, OECD, Paris 1996.
Peri G., Urban D., Catching-Up to Foreign Technology? Evidence on the „Veblen–Gerschenkron” Effect of Foreign Investments, „Regional Science and Urban Economics” 2006, vol. 36, no. 1, s. 72-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.09.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.09.001
The Political Economy of Chinese FDI and Spillover Effects in Africa, red. D. Kopiński, P. Carmody, I. Taylor, Cham 2023, [online] https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_1
Polus A., The Institutional and Political Dimensions of FDI Spillovers in Zambia, [w:] The Political Economy of Chinese FDI and Spillover Effects in Africa, red. D. Kopiński, P. Carmody, I. Taylor, Cham 2023, s. 177-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_7
Polus A., Tycholiz W., The Norwegian Model of Oil Extraction and Revenues Management in Uganda, „African Studies Review” 2017, vol. 60, no. 3, s. 181-201, https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.88
Rasiah R., Foreign Capital and Industrialization in Malaysia, Londyn 1995, https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230377585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230377585
Rocha M.A., Alguns temas estruturantes da Economia Angolana. As crónicas do jornal Expansão 2009-2011, Luanda 2011.
Rocha M.A., Por onde vai a Economia Angolana?, Luanda 2000.
Romer P.M., Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth, „Journal of Political Economy” 1986, vol. 94, no. 5, s. 1002-1037, [online] http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
Roque P.C., The Angolan Armed Forces: A Strained National Pillar, [w:] P.C. Roque, Governing in the Shadows: Angola’s Securitized State, Oxford 2023, s. 129-168, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197629895.003.0005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197629895.003.0005
Rui H., Zhang M., Shipman A., Chinese Expatriate Management in Emerging Markets: A Competitive Advantage Perspective, „Journal of International Management” 2017, vol. 23, no. 2, s. 124-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2017.01.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2017.01.002
Sun I.Y., The Next Factory of the World: How Chinese Investment Is Reshaping Africa, Cambridge 2017.
Szczepkowska-Flis A., Wewnątrzbranżowe efekty spillover bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych, „Ruch prawniczy, ekonomiczny i socjologiczny” 2008, R. 70, z. 1, s. 171-184.
Szeftel M., „Eat With Us”: Managing Corruption and Patronage under Zambia’s Three Republics, 1964-99, „Journal of Contemporary African Studies” 2000, vol. 18, no. 2, s. 207-224, [online] https://doi.org/10.1080/713675624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713675624
Taylor I., Africa Rising? BRICS – Diversifying Dependency, Martlesham 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781787443877
Teixeira C., A nova constituição económica de Angola e as oportunidades de negócios e investimentos, Lisboa 2011, [online] https://www.fd.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Teixeira-Carlos-Nova-Constituicao-Economica-de-Angola.pdf.
Tycholiz W., Chinese Manufacturing Companies in Zambia: Linkages vs. Enclaves, [w:] The Political Economy of Chinese FDI and Spillover Effects in Africa, red. D. Kopiński, P. Carmody, I. Taylor, Cham 2023, s. 193-216, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38715-9_9
Wanda F., The Political Economy of Partidarização Within the Postcolonial State in Angola, „Journal of the British Academy” 2022, vol. 10, no. 6, s. 99-122, https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s6.099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s6.099
Wang Y., Zadek S., Sustainability Impacts of Chinese Outward Direct Investment: A Review of the Literature, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 2016, [online] https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/sustainability-impacts-chinese-outwarddirect-investment-literature-review.pdf.
Wasilewska A., Polityka gospodarcza Chin wobec Afryki, „Zeszyty Naukowe – Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Gospodarki Światowej” 2008, nr 23, s. 240-260, [online] http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000152207971.
Wegenast T., Krauser M., Strüver G., Giesen J., At Africa’s Expense? Disaggregating the Employment Effects of Chinese Mining Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa, „World Development” 2019, vol. 118, s. 39-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.007
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
