Faith‑based organizations and the state

The challenges of development in Tanzania

Authors

  • Klaudia Wilk-Mhagama Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.42.17

Keywords:

Religious Institutions, African Socialism, development, Tanzania

Abstract

Since Zanzibar and Tanganyika became the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964, African socialism called ujamaa spread widely in this country. The adoption of an African Socialist approach was accompanied by the nationalization of education and health facilities belonging to the religious institutions. However, since the collapse of ujamaa in the mid‑1980s, Tanzania saw the increased activity of various faith‑based organizations (FBOs) that were connected to the economic and political liberalization. The new system caused that FBOs have become part of a growing religious field which has repositioned itself toward the multiple opportunities and expectations of the established apex bodies to coordinate with each other and manage their relationships with the government. This article describes how religious actors in urban Tanzania have repositioned themselves in relation to the state as well as themselves during the liberalization era triggered by development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

PlumX Metrics of this article

Author Biography

Klaudia Wilk-Mhagama, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland

She completed her PhD studies at the Insti-tute for Intercultural Studies of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. She conducted field research in Tanzania and she worked as an analyst at the Polish Centre for African Studies. She is a member of the Polish Africanist Society. Her research interests revolve around the social and cultural changes as well as sociolog y of religion particularly intercultural and interreligious relations in East Africa, activity of Faith Based Organisations in Tanzania, the activity of Khoja Shia Ithna Asharyyah Jamaat in Tanzania, as well as the inculturation of the Catholic Church in East Africa.

References

Bakari M. A., ‘Religion, Secularism, and Political Discourse in Tanzania: Competing Perspectives by Religious Organizations’, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, Vol. 8 (2012).
Google Scholar

Bakari M. A., Ndumbaro L., ‘Religion and Governance in Tanzania: The Post‑liberalization Era’ in: R. Mukandala et al. (eds.), Justice, Rights and Worship. Religion and Politics in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam 2006.
Google Scholar

Berger J., ‘Religious Nongovernmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022988804887
Google Scholar

Chaves M., ‘Denominations as Dual Structures: An Organizational Analysis’, Sociology of Religion, Vol. 54, No. 2 (1993), at <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712137>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3712137
Google Scholar

CIA, The World Factbook, ‘Tanzania’, at <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the‑world‑factbook/geos/tz.html>.
Google Scholar

Clarke G., ‘Faith‑based Organizations and International Development: An Overview’ in: G. Clarke, M. Jennings (eds.), Development, Civil Society and Faith‑based Organisations. Bridging the Sacred and the Secular, Basingstoke–New York 2008 (International Political Economy Series). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371262_2
Google Scholar

Clarke G., Jennings M., ‘Introduction’ in: iidem (eds.), Development, Civil Society and Faith‑based Organisations. Bridging the Sacred and the Secular, Basingstoke–New York 2008 (International Political Economy Series).
Google Scholar

The Contribution of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to the Development of Education in Tanzania, Tanzania Education Network, Dar es‑Salaam 2009.
Google Scholar

De Cordier B., ‘Faith‑based Aid, Globalisation and the Humanitarian Frontline: An Analysis of Western‑based Muslim Organisations’, Disasters, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2009), at <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‑7717.2008.01090.x>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01090.x
Google Scholar

Embassy of Belgium in Dar Es Salaam, Summary. Civil Society in Tanzania, May 2009, at http://emjee.biz/resources/Documents/Summary‑Civil‑Society‑paper.pdf, 19 October 2014.
Google Scholar

Haapanen T. (ed.), Civil Society in Tanzania, KEPA’s Working Paper 19, 2007, at <http://www.kepa.fi/tiedostot/julkaisut/civil‑society‑in‑tanzania.pdf>.
Google Scholar

Heilman B.E., Kaiser P. J., ‘Religion, Identity and Politics in Tanzania’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659022000005337
Google Scholar

Ingelstam A., Karlstedt C., Guideline for Support the Civil Societies, Position Paper, October 2007, at http://henri.hosting.amaze.nl/Funding%20CSOs/civil_society_‑_position_paper_october_07_final%20_Tanzania.pdf.
Google Scholar

Ishumi A. G. M., ‘Access to and Equity in Education in Tanzania’ in: R. Mukandala et al. (eds.), Justice, Rights and Worship. Religion and Politics in Tanzania, Dar es‑Salaam 2006.
Google Scholar

James R., What is Distinctive about FBOs? How European FBOs Define and Operationalise Their Faith, Oxford 2009 (Praxis Paper, 22), INTRAC, at <http://www.intrac.org/resources.php?action=resource&id=482>.
Google Scholar

Jeavons T., ‘Identifying Characteristics of “Religious” Organizations: An Exploratory Proposal’ in N. J. Demerath et al. (eds.), Sacred Companies. Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organization, New York 1998 (Religion in America).
Google Scholar

Jeavons T., ‘Religious and Faith‑based Organizations: Do We Know One when We See One?’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1 (2004), at <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764003257499>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764003257499
Google Scholar

Jennings M., ‘The Spirit of Brotherhood: Christianity and Ujamaa in Tanzania’ in: G. Clarke, M. Jennings (eds.) Development, Civil Society and Faith‑based Organisations. Bridging the Sacred and the Secular, Basingstoke–New York 2008 (International Political Economy Series). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371262_5
Google Scholar

Jennings M., Surrogates of the State. NGOs, Development, and Ujamaa in Tanzania, Bloomfield 2008.
Google Scholar

Kiondo A., ‘When the State Withdraws: Local Development, Politics and Liberalization in Tanzania’ in: P. Gibbon (ed.), Liberalised Development in Tanzania. Studies on Accumulation Processes and Local Institutions, Uppsala 1995.
Google Scholar

Kiondo A., Mtatifikolo F., Developing and Sustaining NGOs in Tanzania. Challenges and Opportunities in the New Millenium, Dar es‑Salaam 1999.
Google Scholar

Lange S., Wallevik H., Kiondo A., Civil Society in Tanzania, Oslo 2000.
Google Scholar

Leurs R., Tumaini‑Mungu P., Mvungi A., Mapping the Development Activities of Faith Based Organizations in Tanzania, Birmingham 2011 (Religions and Development Working Paper, 58).
Google Scholar

Liviga A.J., ‘Religion and Governance in Tanzania: The Pre‑liberalisation period”, in: R. Mukandala, S. Yahya – Othman, S. S. Mushi and L. Ndumbaro, eds. Justice, wrights and worship.
Google Scholar

Religion and politics in Tanzania, Dar es‑Salaam, 2006.
Google Scholar

Lodhi A.Y., Westerlund D., African Islam in Tanzania, 1997, at <http://www.islamtanzania.org/articles/islam2.htm>.
Google Scholar

Ludwig F., Church & State in Tanzania. Aspects of Changing Relationship, 1961‑1994, Cologne 1999 (Studies on Religion in Africa, 21).
Google Scholar

Mallya E. T., ‘Religion and Elections in Tanzania Mainland’ in: R. Mukandala et al. (eds.), Justice, Rights and Worship. Religion and Politics in Tanzania, Dar es‑Salaam 2006.
Google Scholar

Mbogoni L.E.Y., The Cross versus the Crescent. Religion and Politics in Tanzania from the 1880s to the 1990s, Dar es‑Salaam.
Google Scholar

National Muslim Council of Tanzania, Long‑term Plan on the Environment – Summary, 2012, at <http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Tanzania‑BAKWATA‑Summary‑Sep2012.pdf>.
Google Scholar

Olsson H., The Politics of Interfaith Institutions in Contemporary Tanzania, Uppsala 2011 (Studier av Inter‑religiösa Relationer, 51).
Google Scholar

Rakodi C., ‘A Framework for Analysing the Links between Religion and Development’ in: eadem (ed.), Religion, Religious Organisations and Development. Scrutinising Religious Perceptions and Organisations, London 2012 (Development in Practice Books).
Google Scholar

Rakodi C., ‘Introduction: Religion and Development. Subjecting Religious Perceptions and Organisations to Scrutiny’ in: eadem (ed.), Religion, Religious Organisations and Development. Scrutinising Religious Perceptions and Organisations, London 2012 (Development in Practice Books). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2012.686602
Google Scholar

The Role of Faith Based Organizations in Good Governance. Interfaith Dialogue in Tanzania, Dar es‑Salaam 2010.
Google Scholar

The Society Ordinance, ‘The Societies Act 1954’, at <http://rita.go.tz/eng/laws/History%20Laws/Societies%20Ordinance,1954%20(cap.%20337).pdf>.
Google Scholar

Tanzania Development Gateway, at <http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/civilsociety/>.
Google Scholar

The 1995 General elections in Tanzania. Report of the Tanzanian Election Monitoring Committee (TEMCO); Multiparty Democracy in Transition. Tanzania’s 1995 General Elections by Samuel S. Mushi; Rwekaza S. Mukandala; Political Culture and Popular Participation in Tanzania, at http://www.temco.udsm.ac.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Reports, 20 January 2015.
Google Scholar

Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub‑Saharan Africa, Washington 2010, The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, at <http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub‑saharan‑africa‑full‑report.pdf>.
Google Scholar

Tomalin E., ‘Thinking about Faith‑based Organisations in Development: Where Have We Got To and What Next’ in: C. Rakodi (ed.), Religion, Religious Organisations and Development. Scrutinising Religious Perceptions and Organisations, London 2012 (Development in Practice Books). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2012.686600
Google Scholar

UNDP, Human Development Report 2014, at <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14‑report‑en‑1.pdf>.
Google Scholar

The United Republic of Tanzania, The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977, at <http://www.egov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/Katiba%20ya%20Jamhuri%20ya%20Muungano%20wa%20Tanzania%20_English%20Version_%202009.pdf>.
Google Scholar

The United Republic of Tanzania, Registration of NGOs in Tanzania according to the NGO Act No. 24/2002 as amended by Act No. 11/2005, at .
Google Scholar

WHO, WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2010‑2015: Tanzania, at <http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_tza_en.pdf>.
Google Scholar

World Council of Churches, ‘Tanzania’, at <http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member‑churches/africa/tanzania>.
Google Scholar

The World Bank, Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of population), at <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC/countries/TZ?display=graph>.
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2016-04-21

How to Cite

Wilk-Mhagama, Klaudia. 2016. “Faith‑based Organizations and the State: The Challenges of Development in Tanzania”. Politeja 13 (3 (42):287-308. https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.42.17.