Problemy rozwoju gospodarczego państw nieuznawanych na przykładzie Abchazji
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.15.2018.55.08Keywords:
Abkhazia, unrecognised states, economic development, economic blockadeAbstract
Problems of Economic Development of the Unrecognised State – the Case of Abkhazia
Since its inception as a result of the victorious war with Georgia, the de facto independent Abkhazia has been struggling with a deep economic crisis characterised by war damage, economic blockade and the lack of international recognition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main problems and challenges of unrecognised states in the field of economic development on the example of the Republic of Abkhazia. The article summarises the economic consequences of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, characterises the economic development of Abkhazia in the post-war period and analyses the effects of the economic blockade as well as the economic effects of the support of the external patron (the Russian Federation).
Downloads
References
Abhaziâ v cifrah 2011, Suhumi 2012.
Abhaziâ v cifrah 2014, Suhumi 2015.
Abhaziâ v cifrah 2015, Suhumi 2016.
Abhaziâ – v XXI vek. Gosudarstvennaâ programma social’no èkonomičeskogo razvitiâ Respubliki Abhaziâ na 2000‑2010 gg., [online] http://www.filesofcoffee.narod.ru/OFFICIAL/programm.html.
Abkhazia: Deepening Dependence, International Crisis Group Europe Report N° 202 – 26 February 2010, [online] https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe‑central‑asia/caucasus/georgia/abkhazia‑deepening‑dependence.
Abkhazia. Old and Frail In the Shadow of the Embargo. Report, Médecins Sans Frontiérs, December 2002, [online] https://www.msf.fr/sites/default/files/7083212723e4147d15960a1aa0b48d44.pdf.
Abkhazia: Ways Forward, International Crisis Group Europe Report N° 179 – 18 January 2007, [online] https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe‑central‑asia/caucasus/abkhazia‑georgia/abkhazia‑ways‑forward.
Akaba N., Inar G., Izolâciâ/deizolâciâ Abhazii i transformaciâ gruzino‑abhazskogo konflikta. Istoriko‑političeskij analiz, [w:] Deizolaciâ Abhazii, London 2011, [online] http://legacy.international‑alert.org/sites/default/files/publications/201104DeisolationAbkhaziaRU.pdf.
Bank Światowy, [online] http://data.world‑bank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF.
Bargandzhia D., Economy: Traditional and Modern, [w:] The Abkhazians. A Handbook, red. G. Hewitt, London–New York 1998.
Chirikba V., Abkhazia – Economic and Political Situation and Perspectives, [online] http://www.kapba.de/EconAndPolSit.html.
Chkhartishvili D., Gotsiridze R., Kitsmarishvili B., Georgia. Conflict Regions and Economies, [w:] From War Economies to Peace Economies in the South Caucasus, red. Ph. Champain, D. Klein, N. Mirimanova, London 2011.
Closson S., Georgia’s Secessionist De Facto States: From Frozen to Boiling, „Caucasus Analytical Digest” 2008, nr 40, [online] http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special‑interest/gess/cis/‑center‑for‑securities‑studies/pdfs/RAD‑40‑2‑5.pdf.
Conflict Resolution in the South Caucasus: The EU’s Role, International Crisis Group Europe Report N° 173 – 20 March 2006, [online] https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe‑central‑asia/caucasus/conflict‑resolution‑south‑caucasus‑eu‑s‑role.
Cooley A., Mitchell L.A., Engagement Without Recognition: A New Strategy toward Abkhazia and Eurasia’s Unrecognized States, „The Washington Quarterly” 2010, vol. 33, nr 4, [online] https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2010.516183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2010.516183
Curtis G.E., Involvement of Russian Organized Crime Syndicates, Criminal Elements in the Russian Military, and Regional Terrorist Groups in Narcotics Trafficking in Central Asia, The Caucasus and Chechnya, Washington 2002, [online] https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf‑files/RussianOrgCrime.pdf.
Dogovor o družbe, sotrudničestve i vzaimnoj pomoŝi meždu Rossijskoj Federaciej i Respublikoj Abhaziâ ot 17 sentâbrâ 2008 g., [online] http://archive.kremlin.ru/text/docs/2008/09/206583.shtml.
Ezrow N.M., People without Passports – Exploring the Consequences of Different Types of Restricted Mobility, Paper prepared for the annual meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 2‑6 April 2008, [online] http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/‑2/6/8/4/3/pages268437/p268437‑1.php.
Falkowski M., „Rosyjska Polityka Sąsiedztwa”. Casus Abchazji, Warszawa 2014, [online] http://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2014‑11‑26/rosyjska‑polityka‑sasiedztwa‑casus‑abchazji.
Federal’nyj zakon o graždanstve Rossijskoj Federacii ot 31 maâ 2002 g., Н62‑6З, [online] http://www.mid.ru/‑dks.nsf/mnsdoc/04.03.02.02.
Gegeshidze A., The Isolation of Abkhazia. a Failed Policy or an Opportunity, [w:] Accord. Powers of persuasion. Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking, red. A. Griffiths, C. Barnes, London 2008, [online] http://www.cr.org/sites/cr.org/files/19_Powers%20of%20persuasion_2008_ENG_F.pdf.
Gegešidze A., Vvedenie, [w:] Deizolaciâ Abhazii, London 2011, [online] http://legacy.international‑alert.org/sites/default/files/publications/201104DeisolationAbkhaziaRU.pdf.
Gomelauri T., The Role of Economic Factors in Conflict Resolution in Georgia and the Caucasus, Budapest 2001/2002, [online] http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00001807/.
Gosduma RF odobrila soglašeniâ o bespošlinnoj torgovle s abhaziej i ûžnoj osetiej, „Kavkazskij Uzel” 10 X 2013, [online] https://www.kavkaz‑uzel.ru/articles/234889/.
Gumba Y., Ketsba T., Economic development prospects in Abkhazia and the concept of regional cooperation, [w:] From War Economies to Peace Economies in the South Caucasus, red. Ph. Champain, D. Klein, N. Mirimanova, London 2011.
Khasing I., Successive Documents between Abkhazia and Russia Will Ultimately Breakup the Abkhazian Nationality, „Caucasus Analytical Digest” 2009, nr 7, [online] http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special‑interest/gess/cis/center‑for‑securities‑studies/pdfs/CAD‑7‑11‑12.pdf.
Koèn D., Èkonomičeskie aspekty. Stimul ili prepâtstvie?, [w:] Problemy suvereniteta. Gruzino‑abhazskij process mirnogo uregulirovaniâ, red. D. Koèn, London 1999, [online] http://www.c‑r.org/sites/c‑r.org/files/Accord7_RussianFull.pdf.
Kolstø P., The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi‑States, „Journal of Peace Research” 2006, vol. 43, nr 6, [online] https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306068102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306068102
Koncepciâ social’no‑èkonomičeskogo razvitiâ Respubliki Abhaziâ, „Kavkazskij Uzel” 2006, 27 VII, [online] http://www.kavkaz‑uzel.ru/articles/100306/.
Konflikty v Abhazii i Ûžnoj Osetii. Dokumenty 1989‑2006 gg., red. M. Volhonskij, V. Zaharov, N. Silaev, Moskva 1997.
Krylov A., Religiâ i tradicii Abhazov (po materialam polevyh issledovanij 1994‑2000 gg.), Moskva 2001.
Kukhianidze A., Kupatadze A., Gotsiridze R., Smuggling through Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region, Tbilisi 2004.
O vyâvlennyh faktah politiki ètničeskoj čistki/genocida, provodimoj na teritorii Abhazii, Gruziâ, i neobhodimosti peredači vinovnyh lic v ruki pravosudiâ v sootvetsvii s meždunarodnymi principami nadležaûŝego sudebnogo processa. Zaklûčenie Gosudarstvennoj Komisii Gruzii po ustanovleniû faktov politiki ètničeskoj čistki‑genocida, provodimoj v otnošenii gruzinskogo naseleniâ v Abhazii, Gruziâ, i peredači materialov v Meždunarodnyj Tribunal, Moskva 1997.
OCHA Georgia: Abkhazia Briefing Note, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2004, [online] http://reliefweb.int/report/georgia/ocha‑georgia‑abkhazia‑briefing‑note‑jan‑2004.
O’Loughlin J., Kolossov V., Toal G., Inside Abkhazia – A Survey of Attitudes in a De Facto State, „Post‑Soviet Affairs” 2011, vol. 27, nr 1, [online] https://doi.org/10.2747/1060‑586X.27.1.
Otčet o rezul’tatah kontrol’nogo meropriâtiâ «Proverka celevogo i èffektivnogo ispol’zovaniâ sredstv federal’nogo bûdžeta, napravlennyh na okazanie finansovoj pomoŝi Respublike Abhaziâ v celâh social’no‑èkonomičeskogo razvitiâ i osuŝestvleniâ bûdžetnyh investicij», [online] http://www.ach.gov.ru/userfiles/bulletins/2012‑07‑06‑buleten_doc_files‑fl‑2247.pdf.
Państwowy Komitet Celny Republiki Abchazji, [online] http://customsra.org/customs_statistics_of_foreign_trade/.
Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 19 dekabrâ 1994 g. N 1396 o merah po vremennomu ograničeniû peresečeniâ Gosudarstvennoj granicy Rossijskoj Federacii s Azerbajdžanskoj Respublikoj i Respublikoj Gruziâ, [online] http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?doc_itself=&backlink=1&&nd=102033244&&page=1&rdk=9.
Report of UNDP‑Led Feasibility Mission to Gali District and Adjacent Areas of Abkhazia, and Georgia, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery 2004.
Resolution 876 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3295th meeting, on 19 October 1993, [online] http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f15a50.html.
Strategiâ social’no‑èkonomičeskogo razvitiâ Respubliki Abhaziâ do 2025 g., [online] http://ru.abkhaziastrategic.org/.
Svendsen I.Ch., Prospects for Return of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) to Abkhazia in Georgia, Tbilisi 2005, [online] http://www.internal‑displacement.org//$file/Abkhazia+NRC+Nov+05.pdf.
Tokmazishvili M., Money Laundering and Money Corporation Relations in Abkhazia, [online] http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/crim_abkh_tokmaz.pdf.
Traughber C.M., Terrorism and Arms, Drug, and Human Trafficking in Georgia, „The Quarterly Journal”, Spring 2007, [online] http://connections‑qj.org/system/files/06.1.04_traughber.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.06.1.04
Trier T., Lohm H., Szakonyi D., Under Siege. Inter‑Ethnic Relations in Abkhazia, London 2010.
Tužba È.N., Social’no‑Èkonomičeskie processy v postvoennoj abhazii, „Vestnik Upravleniâ” 2012, nr 1 (18), [online] http://vestnik.uapa.ru/ru/issue/2012/01/22/.
Ukaz „Ob utverždenii Strategii social’no‑èkonomičeskogo razvitiâ Respubliki Abhaziâ do 2025 goda”, [online] http://presidentofabkhazia.org/about/info/news/?ELEMENT_ID=3661.
UNDP/World Bank Needs Assessment. Mission to Abkhazia, Georgia, February/March 1998, [online] http://www.berntbernander.com/PDF/reports/Abkhasia.pdf.
Wojtasiewicz W., Pełzająca aneksja, „Nowa Europa Wschodnia”, [online] https://new.org.pl/2034‑pelzajaca‑aneksja.
V Abhazii zaregistrirovany 26 tysâč rossijskih pensionerov, „Naselenie i Obŝestvo” 2005, nr 197‑198, [online] http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0197/panorm01.php#1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/chi.2005.26.1.197
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Andrzej Jakubowski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
