Libya – Road to Dysfunctionality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.15.2018.56.03Keywords:
Libya, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, migration crisis, Operation Unified ProtectorAbstract
The developments of the Arab Spring of 2011 extended, among others, to Libya. As a consequence of the armed anti-government uprising supported militarily by the air forces of the Western powers (under the auspices of NATO), the regime of Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi, who has controlled the state since the 1969 military coup, was overthrown. The collapse of the current regime has initiated the path to the social, political and economic transformation of the Libyan state. However, the rivalry of local political forces which is a reflection of tribal, regional and ideological divisions, prevented the emergence of an effective political system. As a result, Libya has evolved into a dysfunctional state and the processes of internal destabilization and lack of state borders control generate threats also for the international environment of the country (West Africa, East Africa, Europe).
Downloads
References
“African Economic Outlook 2018”, African Development Bank, at <https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/African_Economic_Outlook_2018_-_EN.pdf>, 3 October 2018.
al-Kaddafi M., Zielona Książka (The Green Book), at <http://web.archive.org/web/20121102015616/trzeciswiat.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/muammar-al-kaddafizielona-ksiazka.pdf>, 4 October 2018.
Arieff A., “Crisis in Mali”, CRS Report for Congress, 14 January 2013, at <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42664.pdf>, 6 October 2018.
Baldinetti A., The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State, London 2010.
Bosworth C.E., The Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook, Edinburgh 1967.
Geldenhuys D., “The Rule-Breaking Conduct of Qaddafi’s Libya”, Strategic Review for Southern Africa, vol. 25, no. 2 (2003).
Braut-Hegghammer M., “Libya’s Nuclear Turnaround: Perspectives from Tripoli”, The Middle East Journal, vol. 62, no. 1 (2008).
Campbell H., Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa in the Forging of African Unity, New York 2013.
Chazbijewicz S., “Rebelia Tuaregów w Mali w 2012 roku a czynnik islamski”, in A. Żukowski (ed.), Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Konflikty, wojny, polityki bezpieczeństwa, Forum Politologiczne, vol. 17, Olsztyn 2014.
Chivvis C.S., Martini J., Libya after Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future, Santa Monica 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR577
Chivvis C.S., Crane K., Mandaville P., Martini J., Libya’s Post-Qaddafi Transition: The Nation-Building Challenge, Santa Monica 2012.
Davenport K., “Last CW Materials Removed from Libya”, Arms Control Today, vol. 46, no. 8 (2016).
Davis B.L., Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the Attack on Libya, New York 1990.
“Darfur rebels strengthen foothold in Libya: UN report”, 16 August 2018, News24, at <https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/darfur-rebels-strengthen-foothold-in-libyaun-report-20180816>, 5 October 2018.
El Ghamari M., “Migration Crisis and the Libyan Gate to Africa”, Securitologia, no. 2 (2016).
El-Kikhia M.O., Libya’s Qaddafi: The Politics of Contradiction, Gainseville 1997.
Evans-Pritchard E.E., The Sanusi of Cyrenaica, Oxford 1949.
Falola T., Morgan J., Adeyemi B., Culture and Customs of Libya, Santa Barbara 2012.
“Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation”, at <http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~hopkins/100-lec/pix/globalextremes.html>, 7 September 2018.
Gregory Jr. R.H., Clean Bombs and Dirty Wars: Air Power in Kosovo and Libya, Lincoln 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1d988hr
Haas M.L.,Lesch D.W. (eds.), The Arab Spring: Change and Resistance in the Middle East, Boulder 2012.
“Human Development Indices and Indicators”, United Nations Development Programme, New York 2018, at <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf>, 4 October 2018.
“Human Development Report 2011. Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future of All”, United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011, at <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/271/hdr_2011_en_complete.pdf>, 4 October 2018.
Jaremczuk E.J., “Azawad – nowe państwo w Afryce. Dramat Republiki Mali czy ostoja islamistów?”, in A. Żukowski (ed.), Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Konflikty, wojny, polityki bezpieczeństwa, Forum Politologiczne, vol. 17, Olsztyn 2014.
Kaplan S., “Understanding Libya: The Role of Ethnic and Tribal Groups in Any Political Settlement”, Fragile States, at <https://www.fragilestates.org/2012/03/01/understanding-libyathe-role-of-ethnic-and-tribal-groups-in-any-political-settlement/>, 2 October 2018.
Kekilli E., “Anatomy of the Libyan Crisis”, Insight Turkey, vol. 19, no. 3 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2017193.10
Kłosowicz R., Konteksty dysfunkcyjności państw Afryki Subsaharyjskiej, Kraków 2017.
Kłosowicz R. (ed.), Państwa dysfunkcyjne i ich destabilizujący wpływ na stosunki międzynarodowe, Kraków 2013.
Konert A., Odpowiedzialność za szkodę na ziemi wyrządzoną ruchem statku powietrznego, Warszawa 2014.
Kuperman A.J., “Obama’s Libya Debacle: How a Well-Meaning Intervention Ended in Failure”, Foreign Affairs, vol. 94, no. 2 (2015).
Lizak W., “Bliski Wschód na drodze do nowego porządku międzynarodowego”, Rocznik Strategiczny, vol. 23 (2017/2018).
Lizak W., “Kryzys w Mali. Rola afrykańskich sił pokojowych AFISMA”, A. Żukowski (ed.),
Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Konflikty, wojny, polityki bezpieczeństwa, Forum Politologiczne, vol. 17, Olsztyn 2014.
Luengo-Cabrera J., “Symptoms of an Enduring Crisis: Prospects for Addressing Mali’s Conflict Catalysts”, Africa Policy Journal, vol. 8 (2012).
Matar K.I., Thabit R.W., Lockerbie and Libya, Jefferson–London 2004.
Martin P.L., “Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis: An American Perspective”, Migration Letters, vol. 13, no. 2 (2016).
Pelt A., Libyan Independence and the United Nations: a Case of Planned Decolonization, New Haven 1970.
Perkowski M. (ed.), Libia 2011. Wybrane uwarunkowania prawnomiędzynarodowe, Białystok 2012.
Pezard S., Shurkin M., Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement, Santa Monica 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR892
Pienaar L., “State and State-Sponsored Terrorism in Africa: The Case of Libya and Sudan”, Strategic Review for Southern Africa, vol. 30, no. 1 (2008).
“Plumbing the Sahara”, The Economist, 11 March 2011, at <https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2011/03/11/plumbing-the-sahara>, 1 October 2018.
“Resolution of the UN Security Council”, no. 748 (1992), at <https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/748.pdf>, 5 October 2018.
Rand D.H., Roots of the Arab Spring: Contested Authority and Political Change in the Middle East, Philadelphia 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812208412
Ronen Y., “North African Turmoil: Libya’s Descending to Chaos”, Middle East Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 1 (2016), at <https://www.meforum.org/articles/2015/libya-s-descent-intochaos>, 2 October 2018.
Sensini P., Sowing Chaos: Libya in the Wake of Humanitarian Intervention, Atlanta 2016.
Sharma S., “Europe’s Struggle with Refugee Crisis: An Analysis”, IUP Journal of International Relations, vol. 10, no. 1 (2016).
Sicker M., The Making of a Pariah State: The Adventurist Politics of Muammar Qaddafi, New York 1987.
St John R.B., Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife, Philadelphia 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812203219
St John R.B., “Libya: Reforming the Economy, not the Polity”, in Y.H. Zoubir, H. Amirah-Fernández (eds.), North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation, London 2008.
“The United Kingdom of Libya” (“Mamlakatu Libiya al-Muttahida”), in N. Barbour (ed.), A Survey of North West Africa (The Maghrib), London 1962
“Treaty of Peace with Italy. Signed in Paris, on February 10, 1947”, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 49 (1950), at <https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2049/v49.pdf>, 1 October 2018.
Vandewale D., Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building, Ithaca–New York 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732362
Wojciuk A., “Interwencja w Libii – pozorny sukces militarny drogą do państwa upadłego”, in M. Madej (ed.), Wojny Zachodu, Warszawa 2017.
Yilmaz M.E., “Peacebuilding in Libya”, International Journal on World Peace, vol. 29, no. 1 (2012).
Zdanowski J., Bliski Wschód 2011. Bunt czy rewolucja?, Kraków 2011.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Wiesław Lizak

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.