Karate as a Tool of Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy for People with Albinism in Tanzania

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12797/RM.02.2025.18.06

Keywords:

karate, albinism, soft power, cultural diplomacy, Tanzania

Abstract

This article explores the role of non-governmental organisations and sports institutions in advancing social inclusion and cultural diplomacy, using Tanzania as a case study. It particularly examines karate as a tool for the integration of people with albinism – a group facing social exclusion and violence. Through an analysis of organisations such as the Japan Karate Association Tanzania and the New Heroes Youth Development Organisation, the article highlights how sport can foster social transformation while also contributing to Tanzania’s international image-building efforts. The research is grounded in autoethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2015 and 2025, combined with organisational documentation. It demonstrates how local sports initiatives intersect with global soft power strategies and contribute to broader narratives of social justice and human dignity.

References

Basavarajappa, B. C. (2019). The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in International Relations.

International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2), 328–334. Retrieved from https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19M1194.pdf

Brzeziński, Z. (1999). Wielka Szachownica (T. Wyżyński, Trans.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Literackie.

Cedro, P. (2013). Społeczna rola sportu. Rozprawy Społeczne, 7(2), 77–95.

European Commission. (2007). White Paper on Sport. COM(2007) 391 final. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/whitepaper-full_en.pdf

Fallah, Z., Ahmadi, T. S., & Aghazadeh, A. (2020). The Sociological Analysis of the Tendency Toward Martial Karate Sports Using Pierre Bourdieu’s Theoretical Model. Sport Psychology Studies, 9(31), 131–148. Retrieved from article_2175_211c1e0b83b9c69fa9c4bdede203c1e3.pdf

Grincheva, N. (2023). The Past and Future of Cultural Diplomacy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 30(2), 172–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2023.2183949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2023.2183949

Grix, J., & Brannagan, P. M. (2024, July 23). Sports Mega-Events as Foreign Policy: Sport Diplomacy, Soft Power, and Sportswashing. American Behavioural Scientist, [online first]. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241262042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241262042

Isar, Y. R., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2021). Cultural Diplomacy: What Role for Cities and Civil Society Actors? International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 34, 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09385-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09385-1

Japan Karate Association/WF-Tanzania. (2025). JKAWF-TZ Information–2025. Internal organisational document. Author’s personal archive (unpublished).

Kiabakari Foundation. (2025). Development Projects and Outreach in Tanzania. Retrieved from https://www.kiabakari.org

Kowalski, J. (2021, December 31). Albinosi i karate. Walka białych Afrykanów. Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved from https://www.rp.pl/plus-minus/art19243651-albinosi-i-karate-walka-bialych-afrykanow

Matti, S. (2010). Resources and Rent Seeking in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Third World Quarterly, 31(3), 401–413. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27867932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2010.488471

Mhagama, J. (2018). Report to the HQ for the Year 2017 Activities. Japan Karate Association, February. Author’s personal archive (unpublished).

New Heroes Youth Development Organisation. (2025). Internal materials and documentation from activities conducted between 2018 and 2025. Author’s personal archive (unpublished).

New Heroes Youth Development Organisation. (n.d.). Facebook page. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/watch/New-Heroes-Youth-Development-Organisation-117889089622868/

Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580

Nye, J. S. (2005). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs.

Perotti, L. M. (2021). Black Samurai. Documentary film. GA&A Productions and Rai Cinema. Retrieved from https://www.gaa.it/black-samurai/

Piępiora, P. A., Čaplová, P., & Cynarski, W. J. (2024). A Thing about Karate in Physical Culture. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1430186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1430186

Ross, M. L. (2013). The Politics of the Resource Curse: A Review. In C. Lancaster & N. van de Walle (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Politics of Development (pp. 1–32). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.42

Sala-i-Martin, X., & Subramanian, A. (2013). Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria. Journal of African Economies, 22(4), 570–615. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs033

Stanislaus, W. A. (2021, September 15). The Significance of Yasuke, the Black Samurai. Black Perspectives (AAIHS). Retrieved from https://www.aaihs.org/the-significance-of-yasuke-the-black-samurai/

Stremple, P. (2022, July 8). In Tanzania, Karate Classes Imbue Vigour in People with Albinism.

Al Jazeera. Retrieved from In Tanzania, karate classes imbues vigour in people with albinism| Mental Health | Al Jazeera

Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. New York: William Morrow.

Under the Same Sun. (2023). Programs in Tanzania. Retrieved from https://www.underthesamesun.com

UNESCO. (2024). The Social Impact of Sport. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. https://doi.org/10.54678/UNQQ6059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54678/UNQQ6059

UNITAR. (2025). Sports Diplomacy Webinar Series. Retrieved from Sports Diplomacy | UNITAR Wilk-Mhagama, K. (2021, July 31). Interview with Paweł Drozd. ‘On Albinism and Karate in Tanzania.’ Brzmienie Świata z lotu Drozda, Episode 66. Available at YouTube/Spotify. Author’s personal archive (unpublished).

Wilk-Mhagama, M. (2025). Field Documentation Collected in Tanzania between 2018 and 2025. Author’s personal archive (unpublished).

Zhu, H., Wei, L., & Jankowicz-Pytel, D. 2020. Whose Karate? Language and Cultural Learning in a Multilingual Karate Club in London. Applied Linguistics, 41(1), 52–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz014

Zia, F. (2024). Cultural Diplomacy in the Age of Social Media. Cultural Diplomacy Journal. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/124859078/Cultural_Diplomacy_In_The_Age_Of_Social_Media

Downloads

Published

2025-12-30

How to Cite

Karate as a Tool of Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy for People with Albinism in Tanzania. (2025). Intercultural Relations, 9(2(18), 124-141. https://doi.org/10.12797/RM.02.2025.18.06

Similar Articles

1-10 of 85

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.