Rola Egiptu w systemie bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego w okresie sprawowania władzy przez Bractwo Muzułmańskie
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.10.2013.26.11Keywords:
Arab Spring, international affairs, international securityAbstract
Egypt’s role in the international security system during the Muslim Brotherhood in power
Article presents the analysis of the Egyptian internal and international affairs after the presidential elections of 2012. Special focus was put on the internal changes effects on the international situation in the area of security and stabilization in the region. Social revolt which lead to the revolution in the January of 2011. Started by the young people, using internet for gathering for the demonstrations in order to try to keep control over the new rulers, was the first (beside the Tunesia) such movement in the Middle East, changing the politics of the regional powers as well as the key global powers in this region also. Very important for the new situation of Egypt in international affairs is the role of its Armed Forces and Secret Services. Both have great influences in every sphere of Egyptian life and possibility to change this country’s future. Changing of the internal situation in Egypt reflects on the many international factors such as in first row Arab‑ Israeli conflict (and within it also Palestinian-Israeli conflict) and through this it impacts the peace in the region of Middle East and North Africa. Egypt during the rule of Muslim Brotherhood seemed to build an alliance with Turkey and Qatar which would make their stance much stronger in case of cooperation with USA or UE. If those countries will not fall into the extremism it is a occasion to build new kind of international relations in the region and much stronger system of international security.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Abi Habib M., Abdellatif R., Qatar’s Aid to Egypt Raises Fears on Motives, „Wall Street Journal” 2013, 17 V.
Google Scholar
Abo Alabass B., Empty Promises? Ahram Online Investigates Aid Pledges Made to Egypt since Uprising, Ahram Online, 20 VIII 2012, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/50807/Business/Economy/Empty-promises-Ahram-Online-investigates-aid-pledg.aspx.
Google Scholar
Abul-Magd Z., Interpreting the Coup, „Egypt Independent” 2012, 1 VII.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520275522.003.0001
Google Scholar
Achcar G., Le nouveau masque de la politique américaine au Proche-Orient, „Le Monde Diplomatique” IV 2004.
Google Scholar
Al-Din Arafat A., Hosni Mubarak and the Future of Democracy in Egypt, New York 2012.
Google Scholar
Ahmed A., Akins H., No Arab Spring for Egypt’s Bedouin, Al-Jazeera, 15 II 2012, [online] http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/02/201221413149992744.html.
Google Scholar
Ali M., Egypt Celebrates Libyan Revolution Victory, Ahram Online, 23 VIII 2011, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/19562.aspx.
Google Scholar
Ashour A., From Kifaya to Tamarod, „Al-Ahram” 2013, 12 VI, [online] http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/2959/21/From-Kifaya-to-Tamarod.aspx.
Google Scholar
Attalah L., Final Issue: The Triumph of Practice, „Egypt Independent” 2013, 25 IV, s. 3, [online] http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/final-issue-triumph-practice.
Google Scholar
Azar E. E., Conflict Escalation and Conflict Reduction in an International Crisis: Suez, 1956, „The Journal of Conflict Resolution” 1972, Vol 16, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002200277201600204.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277201600204
Google Scholar
Azem A., Qatar’s Ties with the Muslim Brotherhood Affect Entire Region, „The National” 2012, 18 V.
Google Scholar
Bakkar N., Is Hamas Implicated in Killing Egyptian Soldiers?, Ahram Online, 27 III 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/67852/Opinion/Is-Hamas-implicated-in-killing-Egyptian-soldiers.aspx.
Google Scholar
Bannoura S., 15 Egyptian Soldiers Killed by Gunmen in Sinai; Israeli Army Kills Seven Gunmen, International Middle East Media Center, 6 VIII 2012, [online] http://www.imemc.org/article/64014.
Google Scholar
Barari H. A., The Al-Aqsa Intifada as Seen in Egypt, „Civil Wars” 2003, Vol. 6, nr 3, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698240308402546.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698240308402546
Google Scholar
Baroud R., The Political Value of Murdering Egyptians, „Al-Ahram” 2012, 16-22 VIII, [online] http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2012/1111/op8.htm.
Google Scholar
Blast Hits Egypt Gas Pipeline, Al-Jazeera, 22 VI 2012, [online] http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/20127226391171889.html.
Google Scholar
Borkowski P. J., Polityczne teorie integracji międzynarodowej, Warszawa 2007.
Google Scholar
Brownlee J., Democracy Prevention. The Politics of the U.S.-Egyptian Alliance, Cambridge–New York 2012.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198721
Google Scholar
Brzezinski Z., Second Chance. Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower, New York 2008.
Google Scholar
Bulliet R., Egypt and Al-Qaeda, „Washington Report on Middle East Affairs” 2011, Vol. 30, nr 3.
Google Scholar
Byman D., Elgindy K., The Deepening Chaos in Sinai, „The National Interest” 2013, 1 IX, [online] http://nationalinterest.org/article/the-deepening-chaos-sinai-8957.
Google Scholar
Carrera S., Hertog L. den, Parkin J., EU Migration Policy in the Wake of the Arab Spring. What Prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?, Brussels 2012, MEDPRO Report, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Catherine Ashton Visits Egypt, European Commission, IP/12/802, Brussels, 18 VII 2012, [online] http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-802_en.htm?locale=en.
Google Scholar
Clinton H. R., Remarks with Spanish Foreign Minister Trinidad Jimenez after their Meeting, U.S. Department of State, 25 I 2011, [online] http://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/07/167521.htm.
Google Scholar
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A dialogue for migration, mobility and security with the Southern Mediterranean countries, Brussels, 24 V 2011, COM(2011) 292 final.
Google Scholar
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility, Brussels, 18 XI 2011, COM(2011) 743 final.
Google Scholar
Cooper H., Landler M., Sanger D. E., In U.S. Signals to Egypt, Obama Straddled a Rift, „New York Times” 2011, 12 II.
Google Scholar
Czerpak P. [i in.], FDI in Mediterranean Partner Countries. How to Improve the Institutional Environment in Mediterranean Region in Order to Attract the FDI?, [w:] Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, red. K. Żukrowska, Warszawa 2008.
Google Scholar
Diamond L., Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation, Baltimore 1999.
Google Scholar
Egypt Protests: US Call to Hosni Mubarak’s Government, BBC News, Middle East, 9 II 2011, [online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12400422.
Google Scholar
Egypt’s Military Council Seeks to Ensure Power with Constitutional Guidelines, Stratfor Analysis, 7 I 2011.
Google Scholar
Egyptian Elections: Preliminary Results, Jadaliyya Egypt, 9 I 2012, [online] http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3331/egyptian-elections_preliminary-results_updated.
Google Scholar
Egyptian Media Report Blames Hamas for 2012 Killing of 16 Soldiers near Gaza Border, Fox News, 14 III 2013, [online] http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/14/egyptian-media-report-blames-hamas-for-2012-killing-16-soldiers-near-gaza/#ixzz2QEkOSTOT.
Google Scholar
El Amrani I., Which Turkish Model?, „Egypt Independent” 2011, 19 IX, [online] http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/which-turkish-model.
Google Scholar
El Gundy Z., Bedouin Tribes in North Sinai Continue Anti-govt Protest, Ahram Online, 4 XI 2012, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/57147/Egypt/Politics-/Bedouin-tribes-in-North-Sinai-continue-antigovt-pr.aspx.
Google Scholar
El Kishky R., Islamists vs. Military: Turkey’s Recent History and Egypt’s Near Future, „The Daily News Egypt” 2011, 18 XI, [online] http://dailynewsegypt.com/2011/11/18/islamists-vs-military-turkeys-recent-history-and-egypts-near-future.
Google Scholar
El-Asmar H., Egypt Sinai Kidnappers Seek to Trade Foreign Hostages for Detained Relative, Ahram Online, 22 III 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/67481/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-Sinai-kidnappers-seek-to-trade-foreign-hosta.aspx.
Google Scholar
el-Aswany A., Hal yahtafiz Mubaarak bibtisaamatihi?! [Czy Mubarak nadal się uśmiecha?], „Al-Masry Al-Youm” 2013, 15 V.
Google Scholar
el-Aswany A., Mursi wa s-samakaat ath-thalaath [Mursi i trzy rybki], „Al-Masry Al-Youm” 2013, 7 V.
Google Scholar
el-Aswany A., On the State of Egypt: What Made the Revolution Inevitable, przeł. J. Wright, New York 2011.
Google Scholar
El-Behary H., Turkey Pumps $250m More in its Credit Line to Egypt, „Daily News Egypt” 2013, 20 V.
Google Scholar
El-Dabh B., El-Behairy N., New Decree, Old Responses, „Daily News Egypt” 2012, 10 XII.
Google Scholar
Election Update: Brotherhood Wins, but SCAF Retains Power, Middle East & Africa Monitor, 30 I 2012, [online] http://www.meamonitor.com/file/109161/election-update-brotherhood-wins-but-scaf-retains-power.html.
Google Scholar
Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, red. A. Schedler, Boulder 2006.
Google Scholar
El-Hewie M. F., Egypt’s Turmoil a Matter of FAITH, Kindle Edition, 2013, Kindle Locations 2568-2569.
Google Scholar
Essam El-Din G., Egypt’s Post-Mubarak Legislative Life Begins Amid Tension and Divisions, Ahram Online, 23 I 2012, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/33/100/32384/Elections-/News/Egypts-postMubarak-legislative-life-begins-amid-te.aspx.
Google Scholar
Essam El-Din G., Islamists Consolidate their Lead, „Al-Ahram” 2011, 22-28 XII.
Google Scholar
EU „Approves $6.4bn Egypt Financial Aid Package”, BBC News, Middle East, 14 XI 2012, [online] http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20322407.
Google Scholar
EU Offers Egypt 5 bn Euros to Support Economy, Democratic Transition, Ahram Online, 14 I 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/62404/Business/Economy/EU-offers-Egypt--bn-euros-to-support-economy,-demo.aspx.
Google Scholar
EU’s Catherine Ashton to Visit Egypt, Talk with Morsi, Tantawi and Women, Bikya Masr, 18 VII 2012, [online] http://www.masress.com/en/bikyamasr/73098.
Google Scholar
Fadel Fahmy M., Lister T., Cruickshank P., Militants at Large since Arab Spring Complicate Anti-terrorism Efforts, CNN, 4 X 2012, [online] http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/04/world/meast/egypt-freed-militants.
Google Scholar
Fahim K., el-Sheikh M., Ahmadinejad Visits Egypt, Signaling Realignment, „New York Times” 2013, 5 II.
Google Scholar
Feinstein A., Where is Gaddafi’s Vast Arms Stockpile?, „The Guardian” 2011, 26 X.
Google Scholar
Final Report of the Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011-2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt, The Carter Center, Atlanta 2012.
Google Scholar
Freeman C. W., The Arab Reawakening: Strategic Implications, „Middle East Policy” 2011, Vol. 18, nr 2, s. 29-36, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00482.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00482.x
Google Scholar
Frister R., Kugiel P., Zalewski P., Generałowie: spocznij!, „Polityka” 2011, nr 45.
Google Scholar
Fyderek Ł., Autorytarny system polityczny. Przegląd ujęć teoretycznych, „Politeja” 2011, nr 17.
Google Scholar
Gerges F. A., Obama and the Middle East. The End of America’s Moment?, New York 2012.
Google Scholar
Ghadbian N., Democratization and the Islamist Challenge in the Arab World, London 1997, State, Culture, and Society in Arab North Africa.
Google Scholar
Gul I., Transnational Islamic Networks, „International Review of the Red Cross” 2010, Vol. 92, nr 880, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1816383111000129.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383111000129
Google Scholar
Güney A., Gökcan F., The „Greater Middle East” as a „Modern” Geopolitical Imagination in American Foreign Policy, „Geopolitics” 2010, Vol. 15, nr 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040903420370
Google Scholar
Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani, For Filling the Leadership Vacuum in the Middle East, „Foreign Policy” 2012, nr 197.
Google Scholar
Head J., Has Israel Lost Key Muslim Ally Turkey?, BBC News, 1 VI 2010, [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8714983.stm.
Google Scholar
HERMES 2011 running, Frontex Press Release, 21 II 2011.
Google Scholar
Hinnebusch R., The Foreign Policy of Egypt, [w:] The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, red. tenże, A. Ehteshami, Boulder 2002, Middle East in the International System.
Google Scholar
Hudson K., Egypt a Young People’s Revolution, 16 II 2011, [online] http://www.excal.on.ca/?p=5154.
Google Scholar
Hudson M., After the Gulf War: Prospects for Democratization in the Arab World, „The Middle East Journal” 1991, Vol. 45, nr 3.
Google Scholar
Imonti F., Egypt’s Economy Stumbles, „The National Interest” 2013, 7 II.
Google Scholar
IOM Response to the Libyan Crisis. External Situation Report, 31 X 2011, [online] http://reliefweb.int/site/reliefweb.int/files/resources/external_sit_rep_31st_october.pdf.
Google Scholar
Isaak G., From Academia to Activism, „Al-Ahram” 2013, 21 V, [online] http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/2691/17/From-academia-to-activism-.aspx.
Google Scholar
Joint Communication to the European Council, the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean, Brussels, 8 III 2011, COM(2011) 200 final.
Google Scholar
Judd T., UK Ready to Take on Israel over Fate of Children Clapped in Irons, „The Independent” 2012, 27 VI, [online] http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uk-ready-to-take-on-israel-over-fate-of-children-clapped-in-irons-7888914.html.
Google Scholar
Kamrava M., Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy, „Middle East Journal” 2011, Vol. 65, nr 4, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/65.4.11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3751/65.4.11
Google Scholar
Kandeel A. A., Egypt at a Crossroads, „Middle East Policy” 2011, Vol. 18, nr 2, [online] http/dx.doi.org/10.111/j.1475-4967.2011.00483.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00483.x
Google Scholar
Kanovsky E., The Economic Impact of the Six-Day War. Israel, the Occupied Territories, Egypt, Jordan, New York 1970.
Google Scholar
Khalil A., Liberation Square. Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation, New York 2012.
Google Scholar
Khamis S., Vaughn K., Cyberactivism in the Egyptian Revolution: How Civic Engagement and Citizen Journalism Tilted the Balance, „Arab Media and Society” 2011, nr 14, [online] http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=769.
Google Scholar
Kukułka J., Wstęp do nauki o stosunkach międzynarodowych, Warszawa 2003.
Google Scholar
Labat S., Les Islamistes algériens. Entre les urnes et le maquis, Paris 1995, L’Epreuve des Faits.
Google Scholar
Lallali N. (Yahia-Chérif), Les Élections en question (Algérie 1992-1999), Paris 2005.
Google Scholar
Levinson Ch., Rosenberg M., Egypt Said to Arm Libya Rebels, Market Watch, 17 III 2011, [online] http://www.marketwatch.com/story/egypt-said-to-arm-libya-rebels-2011-03-17.
Google Scholar
Levitzky S., Way L., Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes after Cold War, New York 2010, Problems of International Politics.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781353
Google Scholar
Löfgren H., Economic Policy in Egypt: A Breakdown in Reform Resistance?, „International Journal of Middle East Studies” 1993, Vol. 25, nr 3, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800058840.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800058840
Google Scholar
Łoś-Nowak T., Stosunki międzynarodowe. Teorie, systemy, uczestnicy, Wrocław 2006, Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, nr 2868.
Google Scholar
Luxor Blames Cairo Chaos, Not Balloon Crash, for Tourism Woes, Ahram Online, 1 III 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/65870.aspx.
Google Scholar
MacAskill E., Mubarak Claims Obama „Does Not Understand Egyptian Culture”, „The Guardian” 2011, 4 II.
Google Scholar
MacFarquhar N., Mideast Shift: Sunnis Gain, „New York Times” 2012, 28 XI.
Google Scholar
Mazza V., se il Qatar dà l’Ergastolo ai Poeti Ribelli, „Corriere della Sera” 2012, 1 XII.
Google Scholar
Milczanowski M., Contemporary Conflict Management and Peace in the Lands of Ziggurats and of Pyramids, „Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka” 2012, t. 6, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Milczanowski M., Rewolucja w Egipcie 2011 roku, [w:] Afryka – o godność życia, red. K. A. Kłosiński, Lublin 2012.
Google Scholar
Milczanowski M., Rola służb odpowiedzialnych za bezpieczeństwo państwa w egipskiej rewolucji 2011, [w:] Służby specjalne w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa. Przeszłość – teraźniejszość – przyszłość. Materiały i studia, t. 2, red. A. Krzak, D. Gibas-Krzak, Szczecin 2012.
Google Scholar
Milczanowski M., Ten Months after Presidential Elections in Egypt, The World Outline, 16 IV 2013, [online] http://theworldoutline.com/2013/04/ten-months-after-presidential-elections-in-egypt, 25 V 2013.
Google Scholar
Milczanowski M., Sawicka Z., Dwa odcienie rewolucji arabskiej: Egipt i Syria, Oświęcim 2013.
Google Scholar
Military Ruler Calls on Egyptians to Trust Army, „Journal of Turkish Weekly” 2012, 30 I, [online] http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/130729/military-ruler-calls-on-egyptians-to-trust-army.html.
Google Scholar
Morsi, Shafiq Officially in Egypt’s Presidential Elections Runoffs, Ahram Online, 28 V 2012, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/43126.aspx.
Google Scholar
Muslim Brotherhood’s Mursi Declared Egypt President, BBC News, Middle East, 24 VI 2012, [online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18571580.
Google Scholar
Nascimbene B., Di Pascale A., The „Arab Spring” and the Extraordinary Influx of People who Arrived in Italy from North Africa, „European Journal of Migration and Law” 2011, Vol. 13, nr 4, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181611X605855.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/157181611X605855
Google Scholar
Nasri A. D., La charte des musulmans d’Europe vue dans le contexte français, University of Oslo 2009, Thesis/Dissertation.
Google Scholar
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House Office, Washington 2002.
Google Scholar
Nowicki M., Odwołana demokracja, „Newsweek” 2012, nr 26.
Google Scholar
Obaji Ori K., Libya, Algeria, Yemen, Bahrain, Who’s Arab World’s Next?, Afrik-News, 12 II 2011, [online] http://www.afrik-news.com/article18939.html.
Google Scholar
Olimpio G., Telefonate al Cairo, contatti con gli israeliani La tela di Washington, „Corriere della Sera” 2012, 18 XI.
Google Scholar
Osman F., Islam in a Modern State. Democracy and the Concept of Shura, Washington 2001, Occasional Papers Series – Georgetown University. Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding.
Google Scholar
Pollack K. M., Could al Qaeda Hijack Egypt’s Revolution?, „Wall Street Journal” 2011, 9 II.
Google Scholar
President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, 1 VI 2002, [online] http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/print/20020601-3.html.
Google Scholar
Qatar Increases Aid to Egypt to $5bn, Al-Jazeera, 8 I 2013, [online] http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/201318155713651261.html.
Google Scholar
Qatar Pledges Additional $3 Billion Aid to Egypt, Ahram Online, 10 IV 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/68914/Business/Economy/Qatar-pledges-additional--billion-aid-to-Egypt-.aspx.
Google Scholar
Queffélec A. [i in.], Le français en Algérie. Lexique et dynamique des langues, Bruxelles 2002, Champs Linguitiques.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/dbu.cherr.2002.01
Google Scholar
Remarks by the President on a New Beginning, The White House, Office of The Press Secretary, Cairo, Egypt, 4 VI 2009, [online] http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.
Google Scholar
Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 19 V 2011, [online] http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and north-africa.
Google Scholar
Renshon S. A., National Security in the Obama Administration. Reassessing the Bush Doctrine, New York 2010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874516
Google Scholar
Report: Many Instances of Police Brutality, Brotherhood Torture in April, „Egypt Independent” 2013, 28 V, [online] http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/report-many-instances-police-brutality-brotherhood-torture-april.
Google Scholar
Rosefsky Wickham C., Mobilizing Islam. Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt, New York 2002.
Google Scholar
Rosefsky Wickham C., The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Wasat Party, „Comparative Politics” 2004, Vol. 36, nr 2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4150143
Google Scholar
Rosefsky Wickham C., Political Mobilization under Authoritarian Rule. Explaining Islamic Activism in Mubarak’s Egypt, Princeton University 1996, Ph. D. Thesis.
Google Scholar
Rubin A., Can Turkey’s State-Religion Relationship Serve as a Role Model for Emerging Arab Regimes? A Critical Assessment, „Contemporary Politics” 2012, Vol. 18, nr 4, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2012.728028.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2012.728028
Google Scholar
Rutherford B. K., Egypt after Mubarak. Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World, Princeton 2013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158044.001.0001
Google Scholar
Sabry B., As Qatar Supports Egypt, Many Egyptians Unexcited, Al-Monitor, 17 IV 2013, [online] http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/qatar-egypt-financial-support-muslim-brotherhood.html#.
Google Scholar
Said A., The Paradox of Transition to „Democracy” under Military Rule, „Social Research” 2012, Vol. 79, nr 2.
Google Scholar
Sailer M., Egyptian Police Brutality Continues under Morsi, Deutsche Welle, 20 II 2013, [online] http://dw.de/p/17hGg.
Google Scholar
Salama V., In the „Egypt Independent”’s Closure, an End of a Beginning, „Columbia Journalism Review” 2013, 30 IV, [online] http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/egypt_independent_closes.php?page=all.
Google Scholar
Satana N. S., Transformation of the Turkish Military and the Path to Democracy, „Armed Forces & Society” 2008, Vol. 34, nr 3, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327X07302679.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X07302679
Google Scholar
Saudi Arabia Proclaims Support for Egypt, Ahram Online, 23 I 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/63064/World/Region/Saudi-Arabia-proclaims-support-for-Egypt.aspx.
Google Scholar
Saudi Financial Aid to Egypt will Continue: Minister, Ahram Online, 6 V 2012, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/0/41012/Business/0/Saudi-financial-aid-to-Egypt-will-continue-Ministe.aspx.
Google Scholar
Shann M. H., The Reform of Higher Education in Egypt, „Higher Education” 1992, Vol. 24, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129443.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129443
Google Scholar
Sharp, J. M. Egypt. Background and U.S. Relations, Washington 2007, CRS Report for Congress, RL 33003.
Google Scholar
Sharp J. M., Egypt: The January 25 Revolution and Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy, Washington 2011, CRS Report for Congress, RL 33003.
Google Scholar
Shehata D., The Fall of the Pharaoh, „Foreign Affairs” 2011, Vol. 90.
Google Scholar
Sherwood H., Turkey-Egypt Talks Stoke Israeli Fears of Political Isolation, „The Guardian” 2011, 9 IX.
Google Scholar
Shorbagy M., Understanding Kefaya: The New Politics In Egypt, „Arab Studies Quarterly” 2007, Vol. 29, nr 1.
Google Scholar
Shukrallah S., Once Election Allies, Egypt’s „Fairmont” Opposition Turn against Morsi, Ahram Online, 27 VI 2013, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/74485.aspx.
Google Scholar
Statement by Commissioner Malmström announcing the launch of the Frontex operation „HERMES” in Italy as of 20 February 2011, European Commision, MEMO/11/98, Brussels, 20 II 2011.
Google Scholar
Surprising Results in Egypt’s Presidential Election, Stratfor Analysis, V 2012.
Google Scholar
Surprising Results in Egypt’s Presidential Election, Stratfor Analysis, V 2012.
Google Scholar
Survey of Young People in Egypt. Final Report, Population Council, XII 2010, [online] http://www.popcouncil.org/projects/234_surveyyoungpeopleegypt.asp.
Google Scholar
„Tortured” Prisoner’s Death Angers Egyptians, „Egypt Independent” 2011, 29 X, [online] http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/tortured-prisoners-death-angers-egyptians.
Google Scholar
Vasconcelos M., McConalogue J., European Union Hypocrisy over Egyptian Regime – the Discrepancy between Generous EU Funding and Demands for Democratization, „The European Journal” III 2011, [online] http://www.europeanfoundation.org/my_weblog/2011/02/european-union-hypocrisy-over-egyptian-regime-the-discrepancy-between-generous-eu-funding-and-demand.html.
Google Scholar
Webb J., An Interview with President Obama, BBC News, 1 VI 2009, [online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/blog/thereporters/justinwebb/2009/06/an_interview_with_president_ob.htm.
Google Scholar
White House Congratulates Morsi on Winning Egyptian Presidential Election, Ahram Online, 24 VI 2012, [online] http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/46083/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/White-House-congratulates-Morsi-on-Winning-Egyptia.aspx.
Google Scholar
Wstęp do teorii polityki zagranicznej państwa, red. R. Zięba, Toruń 2004.
Google Scholar
Wywiad Christiane Amanpour z Omarem Sulejmanem, ABC News, 2 VI 2011, [online] http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/video/omar-suleiman-crisis-12852023.
Google Scholar
Wywiad z Adelem Lotfym dla Press TV, 8 V 2012, [online] http://www.presstv.ir/detail/240210.html.
Google Scholar
Wywiad z Rają Shehadehem, Palestyński pejzaż, „Przekrój” 2012, 9 VII.
Google Scholar
Zdanowski J., Bliski Wschód 2011. Bunt czy rewolucja?, Kraków 2011.
Google Scholar
Żukrowska K., The Political Economy of Euro-Med Investment, Summary of Major Findings, [w:] Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, red. taż, Warszawa 2008.
Google Scholar
http://www.childreninmilitarycustody.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Children_in_Military_Custody_Full_Report.pdf.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.