Are Universal Human Rights Universal?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.18.2021.71.03Keywords:
human rights, universality, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, national traditions and customsAbstract
One of the issues constantly discussed in the context of human rights is their assessment as universal or relative. International human rights norms are universal, which corresponds to the nature of human rights. The process of universalization of human rights began after the second world war with the creation of the United Nations, whose Charter declared its determination to reaffirm faith in the fundamental rights of the individual, in the equality of men and women and in the equality of nations large and small. These intentions of the organization were confirmed by the adoption of universal documents: the International Bill of Human Rights, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenants on Human Rights, opened for signature on December 16, 1966, and other acts. However, the problem lies in the fact that human rights recognized at the international level as universal and enshrined in international instruments, which must be respected by all and everywhere, lose the signs and qualities of universality under the influence of various socio-cultural, national traditions and customs, religious and other factors, and acquire the meaning or status of relative ones.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Alfredsson G., Eide A. (eds.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights – A Common Standard of Achievement, The Hague 1999.
Google Scholar
Boutros-Ghali B., UN, The United Nations and Human Rights. 1945-1995, New York 1995, The United Nations Blue Books Series, Vol. VII.
Google Scholar
Cerna Ch.M., “Universality of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Implementation of Human Rights in Different Socio-Cultural Contexts”, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 4 (1994), pp. 740-752, https://doi.org/10.2307/762567.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/762567
Google Scholar
Constantinides A., “Questioning the Universal Relevance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, Cuadernos Constitucionales de la Cátedra Fadrique Furió Ceriol, no. 62/63, pp. 49-63, at <https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r26749.pdf>.
Google Scholar
The Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, adopted by the General Assembly on 24 October 1970 (resolution 26/25 (XXV)), at < https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/3dda1f104.pdf>.
Google Scholar
Donnelly J., “The Relative Universality of Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 2 (2007), pp. 281-306.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2007.0016
Google Scholar
Friedman L.M., The Human Rights Culture: A Study in History and Context, New Orleans 2011, p. 2.
Google Scholar
Hannum H., “The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law”, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, no. 25 (1995/1996), pp. 287-397.
Google Scholar
Ignatev M., Prava čeloveka kak politika i kak idolopoklonstvo, Moskva 2019, p. 89.
Google Scholar
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49, Bulletin of the Supreme Court of Russian Federation, № 12 (1994).
Google Scholar
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27, at <https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx>.
Google Scholar
Jayawickrama N., The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law, Cambridge 2002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494017
Google Scholar
Kurganskaa V.D., “Diskurs prav človeka i universalii kultury v koncepciah radikalnoj demokratii”, in Kontury buduŝgo v kontekste mirovogo kulturnogo razvitia: XVIII Mežunarodnye Lihačvskie naučye čenia, 17 -9 maa 2018 g., SPb.: SPbGUP 2018.
Google Scholar
McNeilly K., “After the Critique of Rights: For a Radical Democratic Theory and Practice of Human Rights”, Law and Critique, vol. 27, no. 3 (2016), pp. 269-288, https://doi. org/10.1007/s10978-016-9189-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-016-9189-9
Google Scholar
Mitchell T., Manson K., “Xi’s Trade Deal with EU Rings Alarm Bells in US”, Financial Times, 1 January 2021.
Google Scholar
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations General Assembly, 10 December 1948, at < https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights>.
Google Scholar
Vallerstajn I., “Evropejskij universalizm: ritorika vlasti”, Prognoziσ, vol. 2, no. 14 (2008), pp. 1-56.
Google Scholar
Vejdner S., “Prava čeloveka v «stolknovenii civilizacij»: polezno li sravnivat kultury?”, Neprikosnovennyj zapas, no. 2 (2017).
Google Scholar
Venskaâ deklaraciâ i Programma dejstvij. 25 iûnâ 1993 g., Dejstvuûŝee meždunarodnoe pravo: V 3 t., sost. Û.M. Kolosov, È.S. Krivčikova, t. 2, Moskva 1999, pp. 94-104.
Google Scholar
Vsemirnaâ konferenciâ po pravam čeloveka – Vena, 17 iûnâ 1993 g.
Google Scholar
Vallerstajn I., “Evropejskij universalizm: ritorika vlasti”, Prognoziσ, vol. 2, no. 14 (2008), pp. 1-56.
Google Scholar
Vejdner S., “Prava čeloveka v «stolknovenii civilizacij»: polezno li sravnivatʹ kulʹtury?”, Neprikosnovennyj zapas, no. 2 (2017).
Google Scholar
Venskaâ deklaraciâ i Programma dejstvij. 25 iûnâ 1993 g., Dejstvuûŝee meždunarodnoe pravo: V 3 t., Sost. Û.M. Kolosov, È.S. Krivčikova, t. 2, Moskva 1999, pp. 94-104.
Google Scholar
Vsemirnaâ konferenciâ po pravam čeloveka – Vena, 17 iûnâ 1993 g.
Google Scholar
Ignatʹev M., Prava čeloveka kak politika i kak idolopoklonstvo, Moskva 2019, p. 89.
Google Scholar
Kurganskaâ V.D., “Diskurs prav čeloveka i universalii kulʹtury v koncepciâh radikalʹnoj demokratii”, in Kontury buduŝego v kontekste mirovogo kulʹturnogo razvitiâ: XVIII Meždunarodnye Lihačevskie naučnye čteniâ, 17–19 maâ 2018 g., SPb.: SPbGUP 2018.
Google Scholar
儒家和人权。个人图书馆: at <http://www.360doc.cn/mip/923310030.html>.
Google Scholar
李洁。儒家思想对现代社会影响之我见。at <https://www.docin.com/p-2355369234.html>.
Google Scholar
李洁。儒家思想对现代社会影响之我见。at <https://www.docin.com/p-2355369234.html>.
Google Scholar
黎鸣。为什么中国人严重缺乏“人权”意识。天下民勤: at <https://coeffort.com/news/23505>.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.