Rules of Engagement as an Example of a Security Protocol Constituting a “Code of Conduct” in Military Operations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.21.2024.93.02Słowa kluczowe:
theory of protocolarisation, security protocol, rules of engagement, ROE, military operations, armed conflicts, law of armed conflictAbstrakt
Rules of Engagement (ROE) constitute a structured framework guiding the use of lethal force within specific operational contexts, blending legal, policy and operational considerations. Primarily, they empower commanders to oversee military operations effectively while providing soldiers with clear directives for conduct on the battlefield. ROE align with the security protocol theory, defining a set of rules that rationalise and legitimise complex security measures and their enforcement. As a sui generis code of conduct, ROE function as a security protocol within military operations, serving as a normative system facilitating the implementation of legal and strategic objectives. Unlike generic protocols, ROE are intricately shaped by political goals, military requirements and legal norms, manifesting as detailed operational guidelines. Thus, ROE serve as a code facilitating the application of law and the pursuit of political and military aims during operations. This paper seeks to elucidate the nature and significance of ROE in contemporary warfare, exploring their compatibility with the security protocol model and examining any unique attributes that distinguish them within this framework.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Boddens Hosang H., “Rules of Engagement and Targeting,” in P.A.L. Ducheine, M.N. Schmitt, F. Osinga (eds), Targeting: The Challenges of Modern Warfare, The Hague 2016, pp. 159-174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-072-5_8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-072-5_8
Boddens Hosang J.F.R., Rules of Engagement and the International Law of Military Operations, Oxford 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853886.001.0001
Boothby W.H., The Law of Targeting, Oxford 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199696611.001.0001
Bugajski D.R., „Morskie, stałe zasady podejmowania działań przy użyciu siły,” Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne, vol. 3 (2012), pp. 39-61.
Carswell A.J., “Converting Treaties into Tactics on Military Operations,” International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 96, no. 895/896 (2014), pp. 919-942, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383115000703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383115000703
Cole A., Drew Ph., McLaughlin R., Mandsager D. (Drafting Team), Sanremo Handbook on Rules of Engagement, Sanremo 2009.
Corn G.P., “Developing Rules of Engagement: Operationalizing Law, Policy, and Military Imperatives at the Strategic Level,” in G.S. Corn, R.E. VanLandingham, S.R. Reeves (eds), U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice, Oxford 2016, pp. 209-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199328574.003.0007
Corn G.S., Corn G.P., “The Law of Operational Targeting: Viewing the LOAC Through an Operational Lens,” Texas International Law Journal, vol. 47, no. 2 (2012), pp. 337-380.
Corn G.S., Watkin K., Williamson J., The Law in War: A Concise Overview, London 2023, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003167051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003167051
Faix M., “Rules of Engagement – Some Basic Questions and Current Issues,” Czech Yearbook of International Law, vol. 1 (2010), pp. 133-145.
Findlay T., The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, Oxford 2002.
Galloway A.R., Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization, London 2004, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5658.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5658.001.0001
Gozdziewicz W., “RoE w systemie źródeł prawa – wnioski,” Wiedza Obronna, vol. 1 (2011), pp. 78-105.
Guldahl Cooper C., NATO Rules of Engagement: On ROE, Self-Defence and the Use of Force during Armed Conflict, Leiden–Boston 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401686
Jachec-Neale A., The Concept of Military Objectives in International Law and Targeting Practice, London 2015, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315745282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315745282
Klappe B.F., “International Peace Operations,” in D. Fleck (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, Oxford 2008, pp. 635-674.
Makowski A., “Zasady podejmowania działań przy użyciu siły w operacji morskiej w świetle podręcznika ROE, San Remo 2009,” Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne, vol. 3 (2012), pp. 11-21.
Mandsager D., Cole A., Drew Ph.J., Mclaughlin R. (Drafting Team), “Newport Rules of Engagement (ROE) Handbook,” International Law Studies, vol. 98 (2022), pp. 1-110.
Marcinko M., “Zasady podejmowania działań przy użyciu siły wobec statków powietrznych na przykładzie incydentu z USS ‘Vincennes’”, Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne, vol. 3 (2012), pp. 113-148.
McLaughlin R., “Protecting Civilians in Armed Conflict Through Rules of Engagement,” in D.W. Lovell, I. Primoratz (eds), Protecting Civilians during Violent Conflict: Theoretical and Practical Issues for the 21st Century, Farnham 2012, pp. 119-140.
Morgan W., “Weighing Threats and Rules of Engagement,” New York Times, 23 August 2010, at https://archive.nytimes.com/atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/weighing-threatsand-rules-of-engagement-in-afghanistan/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0.
North Atlantic Military Committee, MC 362/1: NATO Rules of Engagement, June 2003.
Phillips G.R., “Rules of Engagement: A Primer,” The Army Lawyer, vol. 7 (1993), pp. 4-27
Sagan S.D., “Rules of Engagement,” in A.L. George (ed.), Avoiding War – Problems of Crisis Management, Oxford 1991, pp. 443-470.
Sandvik K.B., “Regulating War in the Shadow of Law: Toward a Re-Articulation of ROE,” Journal of Military Ethics, vol. 13, no. 2 (2014), pp. 118-136, https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2014.949476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2014.949476
Solis G.D., The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War, Cambridge 2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316471760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917797
Szubrycht T., “Analiza podobieństw operacji militarnych innych niż wojna oraz działań pozwalających zminimalizować zagrożenia asymetryczne,” Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej, vol. 47, no. 1(164) (2006), pp. 133-153.
Szubrycht T., “Wieloaspektowość wyzwań przy opracowywaniu zasad podejmowania działań przy użyciu siły,” Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne, vol. 3 (2012), pp. 23-38.
Szuniewicz M., “Aspekty prawne NATO ROE – MC 362/1 (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem komponentu morskiego),” Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne, vol. 3 (2012), pp. 63-88.
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom Manual of National Rules of Engagement, JSP 398, part 1: Directive, July 2019.
United Nations, Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations, New York 2003.
United States Department of Defense, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Joint Publication 1-02, November 2010.
Varga A.F., “Rules of Engagement vis-à-vis International Humanitarian Law,” Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science, vol. 11, no. 1 (2012), pp. 1-11.
Żeligowski M., “Zasady użycia siły jako podstawa wyłączenia odpowiedzialności karnej z uwagi na błąd co do prawa,” in P. Hofmański (ed.), Kluczowe problemy procesu karnego, Warszawa 2011.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.