Znaczenie wody dla pasterzy fulańskich w Nigerii – wymiar kulturowy i wpływ jej niedoboru na konflikt z ludnością osiadłą
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/RM.01.2025.17.10Keywords:
Fulani people, Nigeria, pastoralists, waterAbstract
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER FOR THE FULANI PASTORALISTS IN NIGERIA – THE CULTURAL DIMENSION AND THE IMPACT OF ITS SCARCITY ON CONFLICT WITH THE SETTLED POPULATION
The article presents a study of the meaning of water in the culture of Fulani pastoralists in Nigeria and of the impact of its shortage on conflict with sedentary people. The paper presents a general profile of the nomadic Fulani people in Nigeria. It examines the key role of important elements of Fulani culture – cattle, migration, herding practices and, inextricably linked to it, water availability – in the daily lives of Fulani nomads. The study discusses the impact of diminishing water resources and desertification on traditional migrations in search of pasture for cows. It examines the causes of increasing competition for natural resources and the resulting tensions between pastoralists and farmers, which have erupted into mutual violence for over a decade.
References
Abbo, B. M. 2011. Implementing Nigeria’s Nomadic Education Programme (NEP), Commonwealth Education Partnerships, 39–40.
Adebayo, A. G. 1991. Of Man and Cattle: A Reconsideration of the Traditions of Origin of Pastoral Fulani of Nigeria, History in Africa, 18, 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3172050
Blench, R. 1994. The Expansion and Adaptation of Fulɓe Pastoralism to Subhumid and Humid Conditions in Nigeria, Cahiers d’Études africaines, 34, 197–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1994.2047
Braukämper, U. 1997. The Cow Emerges from the Water: Myths Relating to the Origin of Cattle in the Chad Basin, w: H. Jungraithmayr, D. Barreteau, U. Seibert (red.), L’homme et l’eau dans le bassin du lac Tchad, Paris: ORSTOM, 191–205.
Brottem, L. 2021. The Growing Complexity of Farmer-Herder Conflict in West and Central Africa, Africa Security Brief, 39, 1–8.
CIA. 2025. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population-growth-rate/country-comparison/ – 11 I 2025.
Efobi, U., Adejumo, O., Kim, J. 2025 Climate Change and the Farmer-Pastoralist’s Violent Conflict: Experimental Evidence from Nigeria, Ecological Economics, 228, 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108449
Ezemenaka, K. E., Chijioke, E. E. 2018. Contextualising Fulani-Herdsmen Conflict in Nigeria, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 12(2), s. 30–55.
Gad, J. 2007. Pulaaku – istota tożsamości etnicznej Bororo. Pasterze fulańscy zachodnioafrykańskiej sawanny, praca magisterska napisana w Zakładzie Języków i Kultur Afryki Instytutu Orientalistycznego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Hopen, C. E. 1958. The Pastoral Fulbe Family in Gwandu, London: Oxford University Press.
International Committee on Nigeria. 2020. Nigeria’s Silent Slaughter: Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community. https://clientwebproof.com/Nigeria-Silent-Slaughter/# – 19 I 2025.
International Crisis Group. 2017. Herders against Farmers: Nigeria’s Expanding Deadly Conflict, Brussels.
International Crisis Group. 2018. Stopping Nigeria’s Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence, Brussels.
Institute for Economics & Peace. 2015. Global Terrorism Index. https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/Global%20Terrorism%20Index%202015%2C%20Institute%20for%20Economics%20%26%20Peace.pdf – 20 I 2025.
Jaiyeoba, I. A. 2002. Environment in Africa Atlases: Nigeria, Paris: Les Editions.
Kuś, M. 2003. Boża ścieżka i jej rozstaje. Dżihad Usmana ɗan Fodio i dzieje emiratów fulańskich, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka.
Mukoshy, I. A. 2014. A Fulfulde-English Dictionary, Ibadan: HEBN Publishers.
Newman, P. 2007. A Hausa-English Dictionary, New Haven–London: Yale University Press.
Ogbeide, O. A. 2017. Fulani Herdsmen and Communal Clashes in Nigeria: Issues and Solutions, Mayfair Journal of Agribusiness Management, 1(2), 50–61.
Okibe, H. B. 2022. Herder-Farmer Conflicts in South East Nigeria: Assessing the Dangers, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Research Paper No. 34, Washington DC.
Olagunju, T. E. 2015. Drought, Desertification and the Nigerian Environment: A Review, Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 7(7), s. 196–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2015.0523
Olayiwola, O. A. 2019. Beyond Resource-Use Conflict in the Escalation of Fulani Herdsmen and Farmer Conflict in Nigeria, Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 12(9), 98–111.
Olson, J. S. 1996. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Westport–London: Greenwood Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400696015
Oppong, Y. 2002. Moving Through and Passing On: Fulani Mobility, Survival and Identity in Ghana, New York: Routledge.
Pacific Institute 2025. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security, Water Conflict Chronology. http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/list/ – 13 I 2025.
Piłaszewicz, S. b.d. Kronika Kano (niepublikowany maszynopis), Warszawa.
Pronińska, K. 2005. Konflikty surowcowe we współczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, 3, 29–46.
Riesman, P. 1977. Freedom in Fulani Social Life: An Introspective Ethnography, Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press.
Różański, J. 2013. Fulbe w strefie Sudanu. Migracje, władza i pieniądze, w: W. Cisło, J. Różański, M. Ząbek (red.), Bilad as-Sudan. Kultury i migracje, Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Afrykanistyczne, 47–64.
Shehu, A. 2020. Komunikacja personalna z autorką.
Stenning, D. J. 1994. Savannah Nomads: A Study of the Woɗaaɓe Pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu Province Northern Region, Nigeria, Münster–Hamburg.
Udoh, O. D. et al. 2025. Climate Change and Migratory Patterns od Fulani Herdsmen in Nigeria, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2024-0179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2024-0179
Umunna, M. O. et al. 2024. Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Among Fulani Herders in Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Studies, 36, 61–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/jesj.2024.303758.1083
Will, I. 2013. Naiwni pasterze i piękne mleczarki. Stereotypowy obraz Fulanów w filmach hausańskich, w: J. Różański, H. Rubinkowska-Anioł (red.), Afryka między tradycją a współczesnością. Wybrane przykłady kontynuacji i zmian w języku, stylu życia, sztuce i religii, Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Afrykanistyczne, 89–100.
Wilson-Haffenden, J. 1927. Ethnological Notes on the Shuwalbe Group of Bororo Fulani, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 57, 275–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2843705
Worldometer. 2025. Nigeria Population. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nigeria-population/ – 11 I 2025.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
