Bliskowschodni wymiar doktryny bezpieczeństwa narodowego USA po 11 września 2001 r.
Doktryny George’a W. Busha i Baracka Obamy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.43.03Keywords:
doctrine, politics, geopolitics, terrorismAbstract
Middle Eastern dimension of US national security doctrine after 09/11. Doctrines of George W. Bush and Barack Obama
The paper aims at analyzing of the foreign policy through the so called presidential doctrines after 11th September of 2001. Tremendous change in the viewing of the international security threats, influenced resolutely the political ideologies in the United States. Changed view of multiple issues important for the internal security leads to the conclusion, that new kind of international security policy came into being after those terroristic attacks. Such classification allows to send clear message to the recipients of those doctrines, that the stabilization and security are the basis for a new creation of international relations.
Downloads
References
Apanowicz J., Metodologia ogólna, Gdynia 2002.
Art R., A Grand Strategy for America, Ithaca 2003, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs.
Badie D., Doctrinal Cycles and the Dual‑Crisis of 1979, „International Studies Perspectives” 2011, Vol. 12, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528‑3585.2011.00428.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2011.00428.x
Baram A., Qawmiyya and Wataniyya in Ba’thi Iraq: the Search for a New Balance, „Middle Eastern Studies” 1983, Vol. 19, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263208308700542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263208308700542
Barry J., Zbigniew Brzeziński: Egipt kipi, „Neewsweek” 2011, 2 II.
Bartyzel J., Szlachta B., Wielomski A., Encyklopedia polityczna, t. 1: Myśl polityczna – główne pojęcia, doktryny i formy ustroju, Radom 2007.
Borum R., Psychology of Terrorism, Tampa 2004.
Brands H.W., Presidential Doctrines. An Introduction, „Presidential Studies Quarterly” 2006, Vol. 36, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741‑5705.2006.00281.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00281.x
Brinkley D., Democratic Enlargement. The Clinton Doctrine, „Foreign Policy” 1997, nr 106, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1149177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1149177
Brzezinski Z., Second Chance. Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower, New York 2008.
Bush G.W., Decision Points, New York 2010.
Caprioli M., Trumbore P.F., Rhetoric versus Reality. Rogue States in Interstate Conflict, „The Journal of Conflict Resolution” 2005, Vol. 49, nr 5, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705279335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002705279335
Chittick W.O., Billingsley R.K., Travis R., A Three‑Dimensional Model of American Foreign Policy Beliefs, „International Studies Quarterly” 1995, Vol. 39, nr 3, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2600923
Chojnicka K., Olszewski H., Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych. Podręcznik akademicki, Poznań 2004.
Colucci L.C., The National Security Doctrines of the American Presidency. How they Shape our Present and Future, Santa Barbara 2012.
Crenshaw M., The Causes of Terrorism, „Comparative Politics” 1981, Vol. 13, nr 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/421717
Damon A., Abu Ghraib’s Legacy, CNN, [online] http://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2011/12/19/nat‑abu‑ghraib‑legacy.cnn.
Debating Arab Authoritarianism. Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes, ed. O. Schlumberger, Stanford 2007.
Diamond L., Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation, Baltimore 1999.
Dorrien G., Imperial Designs. Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana, London 2004.
Electoral Authoritarianism. The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, ed. A. Schedler, Boulder 2006.
Fiedler R., Od przywództwa do hegemonii. Stany Zjednoczone wobec bliskowschodniego obszaru niestabilności w latach 1991‑2009, Poznań 2010.
Fukuyama F., After the Neocons. America at the Crossroads, London 2006, Castle Lectures in Ethics, Politics and Economics.
Fukuyama F., McFaul M., Should Democracy be Promoted or Demoted?, The Stanley Foundation Project on Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide, 2007, [online] http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/other/FukuyMcFaul07.pdf.
Fyderek Ł., Autorytarny system polityczny: przegląd ujęć teoretycznych, „Politeja” 2011, nr 3(17).
Gaffney Jr. J.F., America’s First Muslim President? Obama Aligns with the Policies of Shariah Adherents, „Washington Times” 2009, 9 VI.
Gelb L.H., Betts R.K., The Irony of Vietnam. The System Worked, Washington 1979.
Graham S., When Life Itself Is War. On The Urbanization Of Military And Security Doctrine, „International Journal of Urban and Regional Research” 2012, Vol. 36, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468‑2427.2011.01026.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01026.x
Habib A., The Deadly Lie of Democracy in Iraq, „The Electronic Intifada” 2010, 18 XI, [online] http://electronicintifada.net/content/deadly‑lie‑democracy‑iraq/9114.
Halper S., Clarke J., America Alone. The Neo‑Conservatives and the Global Order, Cambridge 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511509773
Holsti O.R., Rosenau J.N., The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes among American Leaders, „Journal of Politics” 1990, Vol. 52, nr 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2131421
Homolar‑Riechmann A., The Moral Purpose of US Power. Neoconservatism in the Age of Obama, „Contemporary Politics” 2009, Vol. 15, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569770902858111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770902858111
Horelick A., Perspectives on the Study of Comparative Military Doctrines, Santa Monica 1974.
Huntington S.P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York 1997.
Hurwitz J., Peffley M., How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model, „American Political Science Review” 1987, Vol. 81, nr 4, [online] https://doi.org/10.2307/1962580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1962580
Jaskuła S., Symbioza i odrębność dwóch światów, „Politeja” 2012, nr 2/2 (20/2).
Jervis R., Understanding the Bush Doctrine, „Political Science Quarterly” 2003, Vol. 118, nr 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00398.x
Johnson R.H., Misguided Morality. Ethics and the Reagan Doctrine, „Political Science Quarterly” 1988, Vol. 103, nr 3, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2150761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2150761
Kapiszewski A., Reformy polityczne w Arabii Saudyjskiej, 1991‑2004, „Politeja” 2004, nr 2, s. 139‑144.
Kaplan L.F., Kristol W., The War Over Iraq. Saddam’s Tyranny and America’s Mission, San Francisco 2003.
Karatnycky A., Gains for Freedom Amid Terror and Uncertainty, Freedom House, 2004, [online] http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom‑world‑2004/essay‑gains‑freedom‑amid‑terror‑and‑uncertainty; Kennan G.F., Memoirs, 1925‑1950, New York 1983.
Kiwerska J., Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego USA, „Biuletyn Instytutu Zachodniego” 2010, nr 40.
Krauthammer C., The Neoconservative Convergence, „Wall Street Journal” 2005, 21 VII.
Kristol I., Contribution, „Commentary” 1975, Vol. 60: America Now. A Failure of Nerve?
Kristol I., The Neoconservative Persuasion, „The Weekly Standard” 2003, Vol. 8, nr 47.
Krzynówek A., Amerykańska strategia demokratyzacji Iraku: wizja, próba implementacji, perspektywy na przyszłość, „Politeja” 2005, nr 1(3).
Labat S., Les islamistes algériens. Entre les urnes et le maquis, Paris 1995, Épreuve des Faits.
Leffler M.P., 9/11 and the Past and Future of American Foreign Policy, „International Affairs” 2003, Vol. 79, nr 5, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468‑2346.2003.00354.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2346.2003.00354.x
Leiber R.J., Persistent Primacy and the Future of the American Era, „International Politics” 2009, Vol. 46, nr 2/3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2008.44
Levitzky S., Way L.A., Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes after Cold War, Cambridge–New York 2010, Problems of International Politics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781353
Litwak R.S., Détente and the Nixon Doctrine. American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, Cambridge 1986, International Studies.
Mann J., The Obamians. The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power, New York 2012.
Melanson R.A., American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War. The Search for Consensus from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush, Armonk 2005.
Milczanowski M., Sawicka Z., Dwa odcienie rewolucji arabskiej: Egipt i Syria, Oświęcim 2013.
Milczanowski M., Wpływ egipskiej Arabskiej Wiosny na strategię bezpieczeństwa USA, „Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe” 2013, nr 3.
Mosca G., Historia doktryn politycznych od starożytności do naszych czasów, Warszawa 1939.
Murray S.K., Anchors Against Change. American Opinion Leaders’ Beliefs after the Cold War, Ann Arbor 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.15178
Nasri A.D., La charte des musulmans d’Europe vue dans le contexte français, thesis/dissertation, University of Oslo 2009.
Nye Jr. J., Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics, New York 2004.
Obama B., Renewing American Leadership, „Foreign Affairs” 2007, Vol. 86.
Obama Gives a Bush Speech; U.S. Talking Points on Islam Haven’t Changed, „Washington Times” 2009, 5 VII.
Osman F., Islam in a Modern State. Democracy and the Concept of Shura, Washington 2001, Occasional Papers Series – Georgetown University. Center for Muslim‑Christian Understanding.
Otłowski T., Psychologiczne aspekty terroryzmu – zarys problemu, „Biuletyn Opinie” 2009, nr 14.
Podhoretz N., In Praise of the Bush Doctrine, „Commentary” IX 2002.
Poggio Teixeira C.G., The Convenient Enemy – Neocons, Global Jihadists and the Road to Iraq, „Meridiano” 2011, Vol. 47, nr 126.
Posen B., The Sources of Military Doctrine. France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars, Ithaca 1984, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs.
Queffélec A. i in., Le français en Algérie. Lexique et dynamique des langues, Bruxelles 2002, Champs linguistiques. Recueils. Universités francophones. Actualités linguistiques francophones.
Ranjan R.K., Jain P.C., The Decline of Educational System in Iraq, „Journal of Peace Studies” 2009, Vol. 16, nr 1‑2.
Raphaeli N., Understanding Muqtada al‑Sadr, „Middle East Quarterly” 2004, Vol. 11, nr 4.
Renshon S.A., National Security in the Obama Administration. Reassessing the Bush Doctrine, New York 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874516
Roy D.A., The Educational System of Iraq, „Middle Eastern Studies” 1993, Vol. 29, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209308700943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209308700943
Schmidt B.C., Williams M.C., The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War. Neoconservatives Versus Realists, „Security Studies” 2008, Vol. 17, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636410802098990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410802098990
Scott J.M., Deciding to Intervene. The Reagan Doctrine and American Foreign Policy, Durham 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smwnx
Słownik społeczny, red. B. Szlachta, Kraków 2004.
Szahaj A., E pluribus unum? Dylematy wielokulturowości i politycznej poprawności, Kraków 2004, Horyzonty Nowoczesności, 36.
Szlachta B., Szkice o konserwatyzmie, Kraków 2008, Biblioteka Myśli Politycznej, 64.
Szymborski W., Międzynarodowe stosunki polityczne, Bydgoszcz 2008.
Tonelson A., The Real National Interest, „Foreign Policy” 1985, nr 61, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1148701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1148701
Wittkopf E.R., Faces of Internationalism. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy, Durham 1990.
Wordliczek Ł., Polityka zagraniczna pierwszych czterech lat prezydentury Baracka Obamy. Kontynuacja czy zmiana?, „Politeja” 2013, nr 1(23).
Zając J., Koncepcja bezpieczeństwa USA, [w:] Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe po zimnej wojnie, red. R. Zięba, Warszawa 2008, Studia Europejskie.
Mowy (w porządku chronologicznym)
[Bush G.W.], Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, 11 IX 2001, [online] http://georgewbush‑whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010911‑16.html.
[Bush G.W.], President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, United States Military Academy West Point, New York, 1 VI 2002, [online] http://georgewbush‑whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/print/20020601‑3.html.
[Bush G.W.], President Discusses Global War on Terror Following Briefing at CENTCOM, Tampa, Florida, 17 II 2006, [online] https://georgewbush‑whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/images/20060217‑4_64jpg‑515h.html.
Nomination Hearing To Be Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Washington, DC, 13 I 2009, [online] http://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2009a/01/115196.htm.
[Obama B.], Remarks of President Barack Obama – Responsibly Ending the War in Iraq, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 27 II 2009, [online] http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks‑of‑President‑Barack‑Obama‑Responsibly‑Ending‑the‑War‑in‑Iraq.
[Obama B.], Remarks by the president on a new beginning, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, The White House, Office Of The Press Secretary, 4 VI 2009, [online] http://www.whitehouse.gov/the‑press‑office/remarks‑president‑cairo‑university‑6‑04‑09.
Dokumenty (w porządku chronologicznym)
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, Washington 2002.
National Strategy for Homeland Security, The White House, VII 2002, [online] https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nat‑strat‑hls‑2002.pdf.
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, The White House, XII 2002, [online] http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd‑wmd.pdf.
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, The White House, II 2003, [online] http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/60172.pdf.
Freedom of the World 2002‑2003, Freedom House, New York 2003.
UNESCO, Situation Analysis of Education in Iraq, Paris 200.
The Doha Declaration for Democracy and Reform, „Journal of Democracy” 2004, Vol. 15, nr 4.
Deklaracja końcowa konferencji „Arab Reform Issues: Vision and Implementation”, Biblioteka Aleksandryjska w Egipcie, 12‑14 III 2004.
The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States, The White House, X 2005, [online] https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nis.pdf.
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, Washington 2006.
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, The White House, IX 2006, [online] http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/NSCT0906.pdf.
U.S. Army Field Manual: Counterinsurgency, 15 XII 2006, [online] http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/Repository/Materials/COIN‑FM3‑24.pdf.
Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, 6 II 2006, [online] http://www.comw.org/qdr/qdr2006.pdf.
The U.S. National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication, VI 2007, [online] http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/state/natstrat_strat_comm.pdf.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.