Militarizing Hate, Perpetuating Violence and Rape, and Allowing Human Rights Abuses to Go Unpunished
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.18.2021.71.11Keywords:
immigration, institutional racism, militarized policing, gendered violence, intersectionalityAbstract
The United States does not comply with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), which is the United Nations’ core binding anti-racism human rights convention. One hundred and seventy seven states, including the US, have ratified the anti-racism multilateral agreement. The nation entered into the pact in 1994 yet still has not implemented its obligations to the statute. This study focuses on the protections ICERD provides Latino immigrants who are not United States citizens as this group is often ignored in advocacy for implementation strategies. Areas where the United States does not comply with ICERD include discriminatory immigration policies and practices, violent and discriminatory policing, gendered violence, and inequalities in the criminal justice system. It is critical to examine ICERD’s protections for Latino non-citizens because it reveals how the group experiences racism differently than other people because they endure intersectional forms of systematic and institutional discrimination due to their race, ethnicity, citizenship status, gender, and other identity traits. Methodologies used in this study include analysis of ICERD’s monitoring body’s General Recommendations, and the monitoring body’s reports about the United States’ lack of compliance with the statute. These are the most powerful regulatory forces of the treaty due to the monitoring body’s positionality as experts about the pact appointed through the United Nations system.
Downloads
References
Agathangelou A., Olwan D., Spira T.L., Turcotte H., “Sexual Divestments from Empire: Women’s Studies, Institutional Feelings, and the ‘Odious’ Machine”, Feminist Formations, vol. 27, no. 3 (2015), pp. 139-167, https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2016.0003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2016.0003
Alexander M.J., Chandra Talpade M., Cartographies of Knowledge and Power: Transnational Feminism as Radical Praxis, in A. Lock Swarr, R. Nagar (eds.), Critical Transnational Feminist Practice, New York 2010, pp. 23-45.
Becerra D., “Anti-immigration Policies and Fear of Deportation: A Human Rights Issue”, Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, vol. 1, no. 1 (2016), pp. 109-119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-016-0018-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-016-0018-8
CERD Task Force, Cidadao Global, Women’s HIV Collaborative, Women of Color United, CADRE, Atlanta Public Sector Alliance, Professor Thandabantu Iverson, and Malcolm X Grassroots. From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Implementing US Obligations Under the International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination. US Human Rights Network 2010.
Chung E., “The Judicial Enforceability and Legal Effects of Treaty Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations”, The Yale Law Journal, vol. 126, no. 170 (2016), pp. 170-224.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation 30 on Discrimination Against Non-Citizens, United Nations 1993.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation 20 on Article 5 of the Convention, United Nations 1996.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation Number 25 on Gender-Related Dimensions of Racial Discrimination, United Nations 2000.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation 11 on Non-Citizens, United Nations 2005.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 9 of the Convention: Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: United States of America, United Nations 2008.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation No. 32: The Meaning and Scope of Special Measures in the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms Racial Discrimination, United Nations 2009.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations on the Combined Seventh to Ninth Periodic Reports of the United States of America, United Nations 2014.
Cooper F.R., “‘Who’s the Man?’: Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training”, Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, vol. 18, no. 3 (2008), pp. 671-742.
Edwards A., Displacement, Statelessness, and Questions of Gender Equality and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 2009, at <http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cedaw/docs/UNHCR_CEDAW_Background_Paper4.pdf>.
Frey B., Zhao K., “The Criminalization of Immigration and the International Norm of Non-Discrimination: Deportation and Detention in U.S. Immigration Law”, Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice, vol. 29, no. 2 (2011), pp. 279-312.
Gillespie A., Shipping Away the Victims and Passing on the Burdens: Can States Continue to Disregard Gender-Based Violence Against Women Migrants on the Basis of Their Immigration Status?, 2008, at <http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31719996/Aoife_Gillespie_LLM_Dissertation.pdf
http://?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1489723250Signature=ArJbV8HuYrR1Ucw18YpP6HAas%2FM%3D&response-contentdisposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DShipping_Away_the_Victims_and_Passing_on.Pdf
Grange M., Majcher I., When Is Immigration Detention Lawful? The Monitoring Practices of UN Human Rights Mechanisms, Global Detention Project 2017, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2923038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2923038
Higashida Ch., “Audre Lorde Revisited: Nationalism and Second-Wave Black Feminism”, in eadem (ed.), Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995, 2011, Champaign 2011, https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036507.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036507.001.0001
Harris H., “Race Across Borders: The US and ICERD”, Harvard Black Letter Law Journal, vol. 24, no. 1 (2008), pp. 61-67.
Herndon L., “Why Is Racial Injustice Still Permitted in the United States? An International Human Rights Perspective on the United States’ Inadequate Compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination”, Wisconsin International Journal of Law, vol. 31, no. 2 (2013), pp. 323-351.
Lake M., Reynolds H., Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality, New York 2008, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805363
Lewis H., Transnational Dimensions of Women’s Empowerment: Refocusing on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Northeastern University School of Law: School of Law Faculty Publications 2010, pp. 1-10.
Lugones M., “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System”, Hypatia, vol. 22, no. 1 (2007), pp. 186-209, https://doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2006.0067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2006.0067
Moravcsik A., The Paradox of US Human Rights Policy, in M. Ignatieff (ed.), American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, Princeton 2005, pp. 147-197, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7skx6.8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7skx6.8
Moyn S., The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History, Cambridge 2010.
Primus R., “Equal Protection and Disparate Impact: Round Three”, Harvard Law Review, vol. 117, no. 493 (2003), pp. 494-587, https://doi.org/10.2307/3651947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3651947
Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs et al. v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., et al, 576 US. (2015). Supreme Court of the United States.
US Department of State, “Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 9 of the Convention”, United Nations 2000.
US Department of State, “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) Report”, US Department of State 2017, at .
Weitzer R., “White, Black, or Blue Cops? Race and Citizen Assessments of Police Officers”, Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 28, no. 1 (2000), pp. 313-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(00)00043-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(00)00043-X
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
