Razem czy osobno?
Tendencje separatystyczne w Szkocji
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.31_1.26Keywords:
Scotland, Scottish referendum, Alex Salmond, ParliamentAbstract
Together or Separately? Scottish Independence Tendencies
In 1707, the Act of Union formally united Scotland with England as Great Britain. Scotland retained its own legal system, churches and universities but all real political power moved to London. Scots have never accepted English domination. But the electoral success of New Labour in 1997 paved finally the way for Scottish needs to independence. On September 11, 1997 Labour government held a referendum on the issue of devolution. A positive outcome led to the elections of a devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999. Devolution made Scotland more independent from Westminster but also strengthened Scottish national identity and tendencies of separatism. On October 15, 2012 First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond and British Prime Minister David Cameron have signed ‘Edinburgh agreement’ which enable to enact referendum on Scottish independence on September 18, 2014. That day Scots will decide whether they continue to be a part of the United Kingdom. The main purpose of this article is to present the Scottish independence tendencies in comparison to their history, national identity and devolution process.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics of this article
References
Abell J., „They Seem to Think ‘We’re Better than You’”: Framing Football Support as a Matter of „National Identity” in Scotland and England, „British Journal of Social Psychology” 2011, Vol. 50, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466610X514200.
Google Scholar
Barnes E., Scottish Independence: Poll Drop in Yes Backing, „The Scotsman” 2013, 10 V, [online] http://www.scotsman.com/the‑scotsman/politics/scottish‑independence‑poll‑drop‑in‑yes‑backing‑1‑2924728.
Google Scholar
Bem K., Kościół Szkocki, „Magazyn Teologiczny Semper Reformanda” 2003, 30 III, [online] http://www.magazyn.ekumenizm.pl/content/article/20030330205759345.htm.
Google Scholar
Better Together, [online] http://www.bettertogether.net.
Google Scholar
Blair T., Podróż, przeł. Z. Szachnowska‑Olesiejuk, M. Fabian, Katowice 2011.
Google Scholar
Bonney N., Scottish Independence, State Religion and the Monarchy, „Political Quarterly” 2012, Vol. 83, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‑923X.2012.02290.x.
Google Scholar
Carrell S., The Claymore Count: the Groups Fighting for and against Scottish Independence, „The Guardian” – The Scotland Blog, 22 VI 2012, [online] http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/scotland‑blog/2012/jun/22/scottish‑independence‑campaign‑groups.
Google Scholar
Carrell S., Scottish Independence: the Essentials Guide, „The Guardian” 2013, 23 IV, [online] http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/scottish‑independence‑essential‑guide.
Google Scholar
The Challenge to Westminster. Sovereignty, Devolution and Independence, red. H.T. Dickinson, M. Lynch, East Linton 2000.
Google Scholar
The Consequences of Devolution, red. P. Norton, London 1998, King‑Hall Paper, 6.
Google Scholar
Cowley J., Mr Scotland, Chauvinism and the SNP’s Big‑tent Nationalism, „New Statesman” 2012, 26 I.
Google Scholar
Czapiewski T., Kształtowanie się systemu politycznego Szkocji, Szczecin 2011.
Google Scholar
Denver D., Voting in the 1997 Scottish and Welsh Devolution Referendums: Information, Interests and Opinions, „European Journal of Political Research” 2002, Vol. 41, nr 6, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475‑6765.00034.
Google Scholar
Denver D. i in., Scotland Decides. The Devolution Issue and the 1997 Referendum, London 2000.
Google Scholar
Harmer H., The Longman Companion to the Labour Party 1900‑1998, London 1999, Longman Companions to History.
Google Scholar
Kapitalniak T., Historia Szkocji, Łódź 2000.
Google Scholar
Kidd C., The Case for Union, „Public Policy Research” 2012, Vol. 19, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744‑540X.2012.00675.x.
Google Scholar
Kubas S., Parlament Szkocki. Dewolucja – wyzwanie dla Zjednoczonego Królestwa, Warszawa 2004.
Google Scholar
Leith M.S., Steven M., Party over Policy? Scottish Nationalism and the Politics of Independence, „The Political Quarterly” 2010, Vol. 81, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‑923X.2010.02086.x.
Google Scholar
Macnab S., Scottish Independence: Poll Puts Yes Vote to 32%, „The Scotsman” 2013, 4 II, [online] http://www.scotsman.com/the‑scotsman/politics/scottish‑independence‑poll‑puts‑yes‑vote‑at‑32‑1‑2773806.
Google Scholar
Maddox D., Scottish Independence: Separate Scotland Must Apply to Join EU, Warns Brussels, „The Scotsman” 2012, 7 XII, [online] http://www.scotsman.com/the‑scotsman/scotland/scottish‑independence‑separate‑scotland‑must‑apply‑to‑join‑eu‑warns‑brussels‑1‑2677200.
Google Scholar
McCrone D., Scotland Out the Union? The Rise and Rise of Nationalist Agenda, „The Political Quarterly” 2012, Vol. 83, nr 1, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‑923X.2012.02262.x.
Google Scholar
Mitchell J., Bennie L., Johns R., The Scottish National Party. Transition to Power, Oxford 2012.
Google Scholar
Ostrowski M., Bez żarliwości o wolności, „Polityka” 2007, 1 V, [online] http://www.polityka.pl/swiat/analizy/216336,1,bez‑zarliwosci‑o‑wolnosci.read.
Google Scholar
Pocket History of Scotland, red. J. Mackay, Bath 2003.
Google Scholar
Schulman S., Challenging the Civic/Ethnic and West/East Dichotomies In the Study of Nationalism, „Comparative Political Studies” 2002, Vol. 35, nr 5, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035005003.
Google Scholar
Scottish Independence: One Million Scots Urged to Sign „Yes” declaration, BBC News, 25 V 2012, [online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk‑scotland‑scotland‑politics‑18162832.
Google Scholar
Scottish National Party, [online] http://www.snp.org/.
Google Scholar
Scottish Referendum Polling, UK Polling Report, 21 V 2013, [online] http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/category/scotland.
Google Scholar
Sobolewska‑Myślik K., Partie i systemy partyjne na poziomie regionu. Przykład Szkocji i Katalonii, Kraków 2012, Prace Monograficzne Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie, 616.
Google Scholar
Szostkiewicz A., Solo na kobzie, „Polityka” 2011, 14 XII – 20 XII.
Google Scholar
Szul R., Język, naród, państwo. Język jako zjawisko polityczne, Warszawa 2009.
Google Scholar
Tożsamości kulturowe w Europie Zachodniej, red. P. Załęski, P. Syliwoniuk, Warszawa 2012, Kultura i Polityka, 1.
Google Scholar
Ustroje państw współczesnych, red. W. Skrzydło, Lublin 2000.
Google Scholar
Wiszniowski R., Przełomy państwa współczesnego. Przypadek Szkocji i Katalonii, Warszawa 2013.
Google Scholar
“Yes Scotland”, [online] http://www.yesscotland.net/.
Google Scholar
Zabieglik S., Historia Szkocji, Gdańsk 2000.
Google Scholar
Zabieglik S., Powstania jakobickie w Szkocji, Emito.net, 10 IV 2008, [online] http://www.emito.net/kultura/historia/powstania_jakobickie_w_szkocji_49280.html.
Google Scholar
Zięba A., Przesłanki reformy ustrojowej państwa w doktrynie Labour Party, „Państwo i Prawo” 2001, z. 5.
Google Scholar
Zins H., Historia Anglii, Wrocław 1979.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
