The Polish Marco Polo – Explorer of Zhōngguó
The Contribution of Michael Boym (c. 1612-1659) to the European Perception of the Geography, Linguistics, History, Politics, Nature and Medicine of China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.22.2025.100.09Keywords:
Michał Boym, China, the Míng Dynasty, politics, cartography, geography, history, philosophy, medicine, nature, Catholic Church, Catholic Mission, JesuitsAbstract
The failed diplomatic mission of Michael Boym is still a little-known episode. Nevertheless, Boym’s legacy goes beyond his missionary and political activities. This tireless researcher left us a collection of invaluable treatises that introduced Europeans to various phenomena of imperial China that were unknown at the time. Europe owes Boym a great deal of reliable knowledge about Chinese geography, history, philosophy, medicine, nature, local folklore and even astronomy. Boym’s rich scholarly output in these numerous subject areas, which was created during his numerous travels, is astonishing.
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References
1. Sources
1.1. Sources – manuscrits
Borgiani Cinesi 531, Manuscript – Atlas of Michael Boym: Magni Catay: Quod olim Serica, et modo Sinarum est Monarchia; Quindecem Regnorum; Octodecim geographicae Tabulae [Atlas of Michael Boym], Vatican, The Vatican Apostolic Library, Manuscripts from the Borgiani Cinesi/Chinese Fond, dated 1655, pp. 1r-20v, at https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Borg.cin.531.
[Boym M.], Archives Jesuitiennes Flandre. Ratio eorum quae a Patribus Societatis Iesu et Christianis Sinsibus in Imperio Sinarum fieri solita sunt, a Patre Michaele Boym Polono Societatis Iesu 4 votorum professo Sinico Missionario delucide proposita [The account of what was customary to be done by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus and Chinese Christians in the Empire of China, clearly presented by Father Michael Boym/…/], Archives Jesuitiennes, Province de Flandre, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique 1431-1437.
Fonds Brotier 118, Manuscript of Michael Boym: Rerum Sinensium compendiosa descriptio [A concise description of Chinese affairs], Vanves, Archives françaises de la Compagnie de Jésus–Archives de la Province de France [n.d.], pp. 78r-80v.
Japonica-Sinica 77a, Manuscript of Michael Boym: Brevis Sinarum Imperii Descriptio [A Brief Description of the Chinese Empire], Roma, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, dated 1655, pp. 33r-66v.
Japonica-Sinica 77b, Manuscript of Michael Boym: Referitur iter R.P. Michaelis Boym ex Sinis in Europam [The Journey of R.P. Michael Boym from China to Europe], Roma, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, dated 1655, pp. 57r-71v.
Japonica-Sinica 80, Manuscript of Michael Boym: Relatio Patris Michaelis Boym [Father Michael Boym’s report], Roma, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, dated 1658, pp. 122r-128v.
1.2. Printed sources
Achilles Páng, “Interpretation of the Chinese Letter from Pan Achilleus, a Chinese Christian, Chancellor of the Chinese Empire to the Most Holy Father. Sent through Fathers Andrea Xavier and Michael Boym, Jesuits, Assistants in the Royal Court of the Chinese Empire,” in A. Kircher, China Illustrate with Aacred and Secular Monuments, Various Spectacles of Nature and Art and Other Memorabilia by Athanasius Kircher, ed., transl. by Charles van Tuyl, Bloomington 1987, pp. 91-92.
Alemand L.A., Les secrets de la médecine des Chinois, consistant en la parfaite connoissance du pouls / Envoyé de la Chine par un français, homme de grand mérite, Grenoble 1671.
Alexander VII, Pope, “The Answer of Pope Alexander VII to the Queens and to the Supreme Director of the Chinese Empire to My Dear Daughter in Christ Helen of TaMínga, The Queen of China,” in A. Kircher, China Illustrate with Aacred and Secular Monuments, Various Spectacles of Nature and Art and Other Memorabilia by Athanasius Kircher, ed., transl. by Charles van Tuyl, Bloomington 1987, p. 93.
Alexander VII, Pope, “The Answer to My Beloved son Pan Achilles, Eunuch of the ‘Chinese King, General Prefect on Land and Sea, Etc. From Alexander VII, Pope,” in A. Kircher, China Illustrate with Aacred and Secular Monuments, Various Spectacles of Nature and Art and Other Memorabilia by Athanasius Kircher, ed., transl. by Charles van Tuyl, Bloomington 1987, pp. 93-94.
Boym M., Briefve Relation de la Chine et de la notable conversion des personnes royales de cet Estat, faicte par le très-R. P. Michel Boym, Flora sinensis, ou Traité des fleurs, des fruits, des plantes et des animaux particuliers à la Chine, par le R. P. Michel Boym, transl. by Melchisédec Thévenot, Paris 1664.
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Boym M., “Interpretatio, II: Verbalis Latina Monumenti Sino-Chaldaici,” in A. Kirscher, China Monumentis, Qua Sacris quà Profanis, Nec non variis Naturae&Artis Spectaculis, Aliarumque rerum memorabibilium Argumentis Illustrata, Antwerpiae 1667, pp. 22-28.
Boym M., “Interpretatio, III : Seu Declaratio Paraphrastica. Inscriptionis Sinicae, primum e Sinico in Lusitanicam, ex hac in Italicam, & demum ex Italica in Latinam linguam de verbo ad verbum translata , ut sequitur,” in A. Kirscher, China Monumentis, Qua Sacris quà Profanis, Nec non variis Naturae&Artis Spectaculis, Aliarumque rerum memorabibilium Argumentis Illustrata, Antwerpiae 1667, pp. 29-35.
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Wánghuīlíng (the Empress Helena), “Interpretation of the Chinese letter by The Empress Helen and the Queen Mother Anna and Royal Wife Maria and the Imperial Son and Heir Constantine to the Most Holy Father. Sent Through Fathers Andrea Xavier and Michael Boym, Jesuits, Assistants in the Royal Court of the Chinese Emperor,” in A. Kirscher, A. Kircher, China Illustrate with Aacred and Secular Monuments, Various Spectacles of Nature and Art and Other Memorabilia by Athanasius Kircher, ed., transl. by Charles van Tuyl, Bloomington 1987, pp. 92-93.
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2. Case Studies
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Bocci Ch., Ptak, R., “The Animal Section in Boym’s (1612-1659) Flora Sinensis. Portentous Creatures, Healing Stones, Venoms and Other Curiosities,” Monumenta Serica. Journal of Oriental Studies, vol. 59, no. 1 (2011), pp. 353-381, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23492659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/mon.2011.59.1.018
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Dziedzic K., “Geneza zespołu archiwalnego ARSI Jap. Sin. 77. Legatio P. Boym 1650-1664” [“The origins of the ARSI Jap. Sin. 77 archive collection. Legatio P. Boym 1650-1664”], in A.W. Mikołajczak, M. Miazek (eds), Studia Boymiana, Gniezno 2004, pp. 70-105.
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