Kształtowanie granic rzeczywistych i wyobrażonych Jerozolimy Wschodniej w kontekście konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.58.14Słowa kluczowe:
Jerusalem, Israeli‑Palestinian conflict, IsraelAbstrakt
Shaping the Real and Imaginary Boundaries of East Jerusalem in the Context of the Israeli‑Palestinian Conflict
The article discusses selected goals of Israeli policy regarding East Jerusalem, presenting them as phenomena constituting the process of constructing real and imaginary city boundaries. The author analyzed two following research problems. How did Israel create the actual and imaginary city boundaries? What were the consequences of Israeli boundaries‑forming policy? The above questions were analyzed by looking at Israeli facts on the ground policy aimed to unify Jerusalem territory and consolidate its de facto jurisdiction. The investigation of the above questions allowed to draw a conclusion that Israeli policies in East Jerusalem contributed to the maintaining of the Israeli‑Palestinian conflict.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Abdelrazek A., Tofakji K., The De‑Arabization of East Jerusalem: Israeli Colonial Policies and Practices, Jerusalem 2008.
Amirav M., The Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian‑Israeli Battle for the Holy City, Brighton–Chicago–Toronto 2009.
Blecher R., Citizens without Sovereignty: Transfer and Ethnic Cleansing in Israel, „Comparative Studies in Society and History” 2005, vol. 47, nr 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417505000332
Benvenisti M., Conflicts and Contradictions, New York 1986.
Benvenisti M., Intimate Enemies. Jews and Arabs in the Shared Land, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 1995.
Benvenisti M., Jerusalem, the Torn City, Minneapolis 1976.
Benvenisti M. i in., The West Bank Handbook. A Political Lexicon, Jerusalem 1986.
B’Tselem, A Policy of Discrimination: Land Expropriation, Planning and Building in East Jerusalem, 1995, [online] https://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/199505_policy_of_discrimination, 10 X 2018.
CCDPRJ, Aggressive Urbanism. Urban Planning and the Displacement of Palestinians within and from Occupied East Jerusalem, Jerusalem 2009.
Cheshin A. i in., Separate and Unequal: The Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem, Cambridge 1999.
Cohen H., The Rise and Fall of Arab Jerusalem. Palestinian Politics and the City since 1967, London–New York 2011.
COHRE (The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions), BADIL, Ruling Palestine: A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish‑Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine, Geneve 2005.
Dumper M., Jerusalem Unbound. Geography, History and the Future of the Holy City, New York 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231161961.001.0001
Dumper M., The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967, New York 1997.
Dumper M., The Politics of Sacred Space: The Old City of Jerusalem in the Middle East Conflict, Boulder 2001.
East Jerusalem: Revocation of Residency in East Jerusalem – Statistics on Revocation of Residency, B’Tselem, [online] http://www.btselem.org/English/Jerusalem/Revocation_Statistics.asp, 10 X 2018.
Halabi U., Legal Status of the Population of East Jerusalem since 1967 and the Implications of Israeli Annexation on their Civil and Social Rights, CCDPRJ, 42 Years of Occupation. Jerusalem File, [online] https://www.civiccoalition‑jerusalem.org/uploads/9/3/6/8/93682182/43_years_of_occupation.pdf, 10 X 2018.
HaMoked, Forbidden Families: Family Unification and Child Registration in East Jerusalem, 2004, [online] http://www.hamoked.org/Document.aspx?dID=12600, 10 X 2018.
Hareuveni E., Stein Z., By Hook and by Crook. Israeli Settlement Policy in the West Bank, Jerusalem 2010.
Hodgkins A., Israeli Settlement in Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1994.
Hodgkins A., The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967, Jerusalem 1996.
International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004, [online] https://www.icj‑cij.org/en/case/131/advisory‑opinions, 10 X 2018.
International Crisis Group, Extreme Makeover: Israel’s Politics of Land and Faith in East Jerusalem, „Middle East Report” 2012, Report 134.
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Saving Lives: Israel’s anti‑terrorist fence‑Answers to Questions, [online] MFA, http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/palestinian/pages/saving%20lives‑%20israel‑s%20anti‑terrorist%20fence%20‑%20answ.aspx, 10 X 2018.
Jarząbek J., Palestyńczycy na drodze do niepodległości. Rozwój, przemiany i kryzys ruchu narodowego, Warszawa 2012.
Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research, Statistical Yearbook, 2018, [online] http://en.jerusaleminstitute.org.il/?cmd=statistic.585#.W74dUcKxW00, 1 X 2018.
Klein M., Jerusalem: the Contested City, London 2001.
LAW, Law and Settlement Policy in Jerusalem, Jerusalem 2000.
Lein Y. i in., Land Grab. Israel’s Settlement Policy in the West Bank, B’Tselem, 2002, [online] https://www.btselem.org/download/200205_land_grab_eng.pdf, 10 X 2018.
Locating Urban Conflicts. Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Everyday, ed. W. Pullan, B. Baillie, London–New York 2013.
Margalit M., No Place Like Home. House Demolitions in East Jerusalem, Jerusalem 2007.
OCHA, East Jerusalem: Key Humanitarian Concerns, March 2011, [online] https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ocha_opt_jerusalem_report_2011_03_23_web_english.pdf, 10 X 2018.
OCHA, Five Years After the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion: A Summary of the Humanitarian Impact of the Barrier, Jerusalem 2009.
OCHA, Special Focus April: Planning Crisis in East Jerusalem, 2009, [online] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/special‑focus‑planning‑crisis‑east‑jerusalem‑april‑2009, 10 X 2018.
OCHA, Three Years Later: The Humanitarian Impact of the Barrier Since the International Court of Justice Opinion, 2007, [online] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/three‑years‑later‑humanitarian‑impact‑barrier‑international‑court‑justice‑opinion, 10 X 2018.
President of the United States of America, Proclamation 9683 of December 6, 2017, 82 FR 58331, U.S. Government Publishing Office, [online] https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‑2017‑12‑11/pdf/2017‑26832.pdf, 10 X 2018.
Pressman J., The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli‑Palestinian Conflict, „The Journal of Conflict Studies” 2003, Fall.
Pullan W., Gwiazda M., Jerusalem’s Holy Basin: Who Needs It?, „Palestine‑Israel Journal” 2001, vol. 17, nr 12.
Romann M., Weingrod A., Living Together Separately: Arabs and Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem, Princeton–Oxford 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400861569
Shalev N. i in., The Hidden Agenda. The Establishment and Expansion Plans of Ma’ale Adummim and their Human Rights Ramifications, 2009, B’Tselem, [online] https://www.btselem.org/download/200912_maale_adummim_eng.pdf, 10 X 2018.
Shragai, N., Demography, Geopolitics, and the Future of Israel’s Capital: Jerusalem’s Proposed Master Plan, JCPA, [online] http://jcpa.org/article/demography‑geopolitics‑and‑the‑future‑of‑israels‑capital‑jerusalems‑proposed‑master‑plan/, 10 X 2018.
Tabar N., The Jerusalem Trap. The Looming Threat Posed by Israel’s Annexationist Policies in Occupied East Jerusalem, Ramallah 2010.
The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Press Release, 126/2012, [online] https://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2012n/11_12_126e.pdf, 10 X 2018.
Ustawa Zasadnicza o Jerozolimie Stolicy Izraela, [w:] Konstytucja Państwa Izrael, przeł. K. Wojtyczek, Warszawa 2001.
Wasserstein B., Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City, New Haven–London 2002.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2022 Michał Ziemowit Buśko
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
