Francuskie Zjednoczenie Narodowe – stara partia w nowej odsłonie
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.17.2020.64.09Słowa kluczowe:
National Front, National Rally, French parties, republicanismAbstrakt
French National Rally – an Old Party in a New Version
The changes in the French National Front in the second decade of the 21st century are generally associated with the advent of a new leader. In 2011, the then chairman Jean Marie Le Pen was replaced by his daughter Marine Le Pen. The reforms introduced by the new chairwoman, including a new party name – National Rally – are referred to as an attempt at dédiabolisation of the party, and they were expected to increase the party’s electoral support. The purpose of the article is to answer the questions about whether the change in party leadership caused profound ideological and programmatic transformation of the grouping or simply brought about changes in the image of the party and its leader. The article also examines the methods of political communication with voters, and whether we are still dealing with a niche and anti-establishment party or due to the reoccurring changes it has become part of the political mainstream.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
.1999-2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) trend files, [online] https://www.chesdata.eu/our-surveys.
.2017 Chapel Hill Expert FLASH Survey (CHES), [online] https://www.chesdata.eu/oursurveys.
.2019 European Election Results, [online] https://election-results.eu/national-results/france/ 2019-2024/.
Adams J. [i in.], Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Cause and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties’ Policy Shifts, 1976-1998, „American Journal of Political Science” 2006, Vol. 50, nr 3, [online] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3694232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00199.x
Almeida A., Cultural Retaliation: The Cultural Policies of the „New” Front National, „International Journal of Cultural Policy” 2019, Vol. 25, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2017.1288228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2017.1288228
Almeida A., Exclusionary Secularism: The Front National and the Reinvention of laïcité, „Modern and Contemporary France” 2017, Vol. 25, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2016.1272561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2016.1272561
Bakker R. [i in.], Measuring Party Positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999-2010, „Party Politics” 2015, Vol. 21, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812462931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812462931
Bankowicz M., Maestro politologii. Eksploracje polityki Giovanniego Sartoriego, Kraków 2018.
Bastow S., The Front National under Marine Le Pen: A Mainstream Political Party?, „French Politics” 2018, Vol. 16, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-017-0052-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-017-0052-7
Campus D., Marine Le Pen’s „Peopolisation”: An Asset for Leadership Image-building?, „French Politics” 2017, Vol. 15, nr 2, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-017-0026-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-017-0026-9
Davies P., The Extreme Right in France 1789 to the Present. From de Maistre to Le Pen, London–New York 2002, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203495247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203495247
Défendre les Français, c’est le programme du Front national, Paris 1973.
Dumitrescu D., Up, Close and Personal: The New Front National Visual Strategy under Marine Le Pen, „French Politics” 2016, Vol. 15, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-016-0012-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-016-0012-7
Elections. Les résultats, [online] https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/ Les-resultats.
Falęcki T., Niebezpieczne związki. Antykomunizm, antyamerykanizm, tożsamość narodowa i rusofila w działalności i ideologii francuskiego Frontu Narodowego z antysemityzmem w tle, „Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis” 2016, Vol. 16.
Garzia D., The Italian Election of 2018 and the First Populist Government of Western Europe, „West European Politics” 2019, Vol. 42, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1535381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1535381
Hartleb F., Here to Stay: Anti-establishment Parties in Europe, „European View” 2015, Vol. 14, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-015-0348-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-015-0348-4
Ivaldi G., Towards the Median Economic Crisis Voter? The New Leftist Economic Agenda of the Front National in France, „French Politics” 2015, Vol. 13, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2015.17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2015.17
Katz R., Mair P., Changing Model of Party Organization: The Emergence of the Cartel Party, „Party Politics” 1995, Vol. 1, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001001
Kilar R., Francuski Front Narodowy, Kraków 2001.
Kokoszyński K., Fillon chce ograniczenia imigracji, Euractiv.pl, 11 I 2017, [online] https://www.euractiv.pl/section/polityka-wewnetrzna-ue/news/fillon-chce-ograniczenia-imigracji/.
Kress G., van Leeuwen T., Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design, New York 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203619728
Kubát M., Teoria opozycji politycznej, Kraków 2010.
Les 144 Engagements présidentiels Marine 2017, [online] https://rassemblementnational.fr/pdf/144-engagements.pdf.
Malendowicz P., Francja a Europa w programie Frontu Narodowego i deklaracjach Marine Le Pen, „Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej” 2017, nr 11, https://doi.org/10.14746/rie.2017.11.14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rie.2017.11.14
Meguid B.M., Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success, „The American Political Science Review” 2005, Vol. 99, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051701
Meyer T.M., Wagner M., Mainstream or Niche? Vote-Seeking Incentives and the Programmatic Strategies of Political Parties, „Comparative Political Studies” 2013, Vol. 46, nr 10, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414013489080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013489080
Miecznikowska J., Populist Narration of the Freedom Party of Austria before the Presidential Election in 2016, „Przegląd Europejski” 2016, Vol. 4, nr 42.
Miecznikowska J., Zmiany na scenie politycznej Austrii – analiza wyników przedterminowych wyborów do Rady Narodowej w 2017 r., „Studia Politica Germanica” 2017, Vol. 6-7, nr 1-2.
Mon Project pour la France et les Français. Marine Le Pen. La Voix du Peuple, L’Esprit de la France. 2012, [online] https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu//down/originals/31720_2012.pdf.
Mondon A., The Front National in the Twenty-First Century: From Pariah to Republican Democratic Contender?, „Modern and Contemporary France” 2014, Vol. 22, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2013.872093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2013.872093
Mudde C., The Study of Populist Radical Right Parties: Towards a Fourth Wave, C-Rex Working Paper Series, 2016, nr 1, [online] https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/publications/c-rexworking-paper-series/Cas%20Mudde:%20The%20Study%20of%20Populist%20Radical%20Right%20Parties.pdf.
Pacześniak A., Samoidentyfikacja populistyczna Frontu Narodowego jako strategia oddemonizowania partii skrajnie prawicowej, [w:] Autorytarny populizm w XXI wieku. Krytyczna rekonstrukcja, red. F. Pierzchalski, B. Rydliński, Warszawa 2017.
Parties and Elections in Europe, [online] http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/.
Poguntke T., Scarrow S.E., The Politics of Anti-party Sentiment: Introduction, „European Journal of Political Research” 1994, Vol. 29, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00651.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00651.x
Polk J. [i in.], Explaining the Salience of Anti-elitism and Reducing Political Corruption for Political
Parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Data, „Research & Politics” 2017, Vol. 4, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016686915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016686915
Pour un avenir français. Le programme de gouvernement du Front national, Paris 2001.
Programme de gouvernement de Jean-Marie Le Pen, Paris 2007.
Sartori G., Parties and Party Systems. A Framework for Analysis, Colchester 2005.
Schedler A., Anti-Political-Establishment Parties, „Party Politics” 1996, Vol. 2, nr 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068896002003001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068896002003001
Schwörer J., Alternative für Deutschland: From the Street to the Parliament?, [w:] Parties Radical Right Movement in Europe, red. M. Caiani, O. Císař, London–New York 2018, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315123851-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315123851-3
Stockemer D., Amengay A., The Voters of the FN under Jean-Marie Le Pen and Marine Le Pen: Continuity or Change?, „French Politics” 2015, Vol. 13, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2015.16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2015.16
Tsakatika M., SYRIZA’s Electoral Rise in Greece: Protest, Trust and the Art of Political Manipulation, „South European Society and Politics” 2016, Vol. 21, nr 4, https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1239671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1239671
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
